Essential terms for STAAR-EOC Biology
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| cell differentiation | process by which a new cell becomes more specialized, i.e becomes a certain cell in the body (brain cell, skin cell, blood cell)
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| homeostasis | process by which a cell maintains a constant internal environment. Cells excrete waste and take in nutrients to maintain a healthy state.
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| prokaryotes | • cells that have no nucleus
• no membrane bound organelles
• do have ribosomes and genetic material
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| eukaryotes | • cells that have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
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| diffusion | movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
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| osmosis | movement of WATER through a selectively permeable membrane from a high concentration to a low concentration
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| active transport | moving material from a low concentration to high concentration; takes cell energy
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| passive transport | moving materials with the concentration gradient (from a high to low concentration); does not require energy
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| facilitated transport | Type of passive transport; uses proteins to move molecules from a high to low concentration
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| isotonic | An environment in which the water and solute concentrations are equal inside and outside cell. Cell stays the same size.
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| hypertonic | An environment in which solute concentration is greater outside the cell and water is higher inside the cell, so water flows out of the cell.
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| hypotonic | An environment in which solute concentrations are greater inside the cell and water is higher outside the cell, so water flows into the cell.
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| endocytosis | A cell takes material into itself (cell “eating”); it wraps it up in its cell membrane and pulls it inside.
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| exocytosis | active transport involving the use of a lipid membrane to transport materiel out of the cell
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| carbohydrate | AKA “sugar” or “starch”; ring-shaped 5 carbon sugar. Used as a quick source of energy. Its monomer is a monosaccharide
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| protein | Used to provide structural support in the body. Monomers: chain of amino acids (CHON). Enzymes are proteins.
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| nucleic acid | A polymer made of monomers called nucleotides (CHONP) that store genetic information
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| mitosis | Process of cell division. Results in 2 daughter cells identical to the parent cell. Used for growth and repair of cells.
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| somatic cells | any body cell (brain cell, skin cells, etc... ) other than gametes (sex cells like sperm and egg)
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| sister chromatids | a pair of identical chromosomes as a result of DNA replication
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| diploid | 2n; double set of chromosomes
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| haploid | n; single set of chromosomes; half the gentic material
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| cancer | when cells divide and grow uncontrollably as a result of an error in the cell cycle
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| enzyme | Proteins that catalyze reactions by lowering the activation energy needed; speeds up the reaction. (ends in -ase)
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| monomer | a single unit or building block of a larger biomolecule
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| polymer | the product of dehydration synthesis
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| virus | A non-living particle made of DNA or RNA, and a protein shell; can only reproduce using a living cell’s machinery.
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| capsid | protein coat on the exterior of viruses
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| bacteriophage | virus that infects bacteria; -phage = destroy
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| lytic infection | type of viral reproduction - 1.virus enters cell, 2.makes copies,and,3.explodes the cell to release offspring
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| lysogenic infection | type of viral reproduction - 1.virus enters cell, 2.embeds cell’s DNA, 3.viral DNA is copied when the host cell replicates
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| vaccine | weakened/killed microbes used to train the body's immune system to recognize, destroy and "remember" it
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| chloroplasts | Organelle that performs photosynthesis in plants and algae
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| mitochondria | organelle which converts glucose to ATP (energy)
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| synthesis | to make, put together
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| Rough ER | organelle involved in protein production; embeded with ribosomes
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| genome | all of an organisms genetic material
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| interphase | part of the cell cycle where a cell spends most of its life. Growth occurs for the cell. Made up of the G1, S phase, and G2 phases.
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| prophase | chromatin condenses to form chromosomes
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| metaphase | the lining up of chromosomes along the equator of the cell during nuclear division
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| cytokinesis | division of the cytoplasm and organelles during nuclear division
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| S Phase | part of cell cycle involving DNA replication. Occurs during Interphase
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| G-Zero Phase | a "pit stop" where a cell leaves the cell cycle and stops replicating
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| Lysosomes | organelle containing enzymes; serves as the digestive system of the cell
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