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Reporting Category 1
Essential terms for STAAR-EOC Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cell differentiation | process by which a new cell becomes more specialized, i.e becomes a certain cell in the body (brain cell, skin cell, blood cell) |
| homeostasis | process by which a cell maintains a constant internal environment. Cells excrete waste and take in nutrients to maintain a healthy state. |
| prokaryotes | • cells that have no nucleus • no membrane bound organelles • do have ribosomes and genetic material |
| eukaryotes | • cells that have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles |
| diffusion | movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
| osmosis | movement of WATER through a selectively permeable membrane from a high concentration to a low concentration |
| active transport | moving material from a low concentration to high concentration; takes cell energy |
| passive transport | moving materials with the concentration gradient (from a high to low concentration); does not require energy |
| facilitated transport | Type of passive transport; uses proteins to move molecules from a high to low concentration |
| isotonic | An environment in which the water and solute concentrations are equal inside and outside cell. Cell stays the same size. |
| hypertonic | An environment in which solute concentration is greater outside the cell and water is higher inside the cell, so water flows out of the cell. |
| hypotonic | An environment in which solute concentrations are greater inside the cell and water is higher outside the cell, so water flows into the cell. |
| endocytosis | A cell takes material into itself (cell “eating”); it wraps it up in its cell membrane and pulls it inside. |
| exocytosis | active transport involving the use of a lipid membrane to transport materiel out of the cell |
| carbohydrate | AKA “sugar” or “starch”; ring-shaped 5 carbon sugar. Used as a quick source of energy. Its monomer is a monosaccharide |
| protein | Used to provide structural support in the body. Monomers: chain of amino acids (CHON). Enzymes are proteins. |
| nucleic acid | A polymer made of monomers called nucleotides (CHONP) that store genetic information |
| mitosis | Process of cell division. Results in 2 daughter cells identical to the parent cell. Used for growth and repair of cells. |
| somatic cells | any body cell (brain cell, skin cells, etc... ) other than gametes (sex cells like sperm and egg) |
| sister chromatids | a pair of identical chromosomes as a result of DNA replication |
| diploid | 2n; double set of chromosomes |
| haploid | n; single set of chromosomes; half the gentic material |
| cancer | when cells divide and grow uncontrollably as a result of an error in the cell cycle |
| enzyme | Proteins that catalyze reactions by lowering the activation energy needed; speeds up the reaction. (ends in -ase) |
| monomer | a single unit or building block of a larger biomolecule |
| polymer | the product of dehydration synthesis |
| virus | A non-living particle made of DNA or RNA, and a protein shell; can only reproduce using a living cell’s machinery. |
| capsid | protein coat on the exterior of viruses |
| bacteriophage | virus that infects bacteria; -phage = destroy |
| lytic infection | type of viral reproduction - 1.virus enters cell, 2.makes copies,and,3.explodes the cell to release offspring |
| lysogenic infection | type of viral reproduction - 1.virus enters cell, 2.embeds cell’s DNA, 3.viral DNA is copied when the host cell replicates |
| vaccine | weakened/killed microbes used to train the body's immune system to recognize, destroy and "remember" it |
| chloroplasts | Organelle that performs photosynthesis in plants and algae |
| mitochondria | organelle which converts glucose to ATP (energy) |
| synthesis | to make, put together |
| Rough ER | organelle involved in protein production; embeded with ribosomes |
| genome | all of an organisms genetic material |
| interphase | part of the cell cycle where a cell spends most of its life. Growth occurs for the cell. Made up of the G1, S phase, and G2 phases. |
| prophase | chromatin condenses to form chromosomes |
| metaphase | the lining up of chromosomes along the equator of the cell during nuclear division |
| cytokinesis | division of the cytoplasm and organelles during nuclear division |
| S Phase | part of cell cycle involving DNA replication. Occurs during Interphase |
| G-Zero Phase | a "pit stop" where a cell leaves the cell cycle and stops replicating |
| Lysosomes | organelle containing enzymes; serves as the digestive system of the cell |
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high school biology
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