Bio 110 Exam 1
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| 1 type of atom | element
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| Ion | atom with net electric charge
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| Ionic bonds | complete transfer of electrons from one ion to another
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| Cations vs. anions | Cations lose electrons, anions gain electrons
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| What do ionic bonds tend to form? | Crystalline solids
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| Covalent bonds | atoms share electrons
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| Nonpolar vs. polar | Nonpolar bonds: electrons are shared equally; Polar: electrons are shared unequally
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| What determines bond polarity | electronegativity -- Similar=nonpolar; large difference=polar
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| Define electronegativity | How much of a grip the atom has on the electron
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| If the difference between elements is ____________, the bond is polar covalent | greater than or equal to .5
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| Organic compound elements in order of increasing electronegativity | H<C<N<O
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| Hydroxyl | R-OH
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| R-C=O | Carbonyl
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| Carboxyl | R-C=O..C-OH (C with both bonds)
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| R-C-N-H2 | Amino
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| Phosphate | R-O-P=O... P also has two P-O- bonds
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| Roles of water molecules in living things (4) | reactant, means of transport, solvent, temperature buffer
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| Define hydrogen bonding | H can be attracted to a more electronegative atom
*Between molecules, not within
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| Which is stronger, a hydrogen bond or covalent bond? | Covalent
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| Bronsted-Lowry acid-base definition | Acid donates a proton and base accepts a proton
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| pH formula | pH = -log[H+]
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| Oxidation vs. reduction | Oxidation: the loss of electrons;
Reduction: the gain of electrons
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| Polymers are made up of a chain of _________ | monomers
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| What are the four major classes of macromolecules | Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids
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| Define condensation/dehydration | H-monomer-OH -- H-monomer-OH
H2O is a product
dimer: H-monomer-monomer-H
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| General form of a monomer | H-monomer-OH
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| Define hydrolysis | H-monomer-monomer-OH
H20 reacts to break bonds
H-monomer-OH
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| What are the monomers and polymers of carbohydrates? | Monomers: simple sugars/monosaccharides (glucose)
Polymers: polysaccharides (cellulose, starch, glycogen)
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| What is the structure of cellulose? | Unbranched, linear chain of glucose held together through beta 1-4 linkage
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| What is the function of cellulose? | Gives shape and structure to plant cells
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| What is the structure of starch? | Partially branched glucose chain held together with alpha 1-4 bonds
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| What is the function of starch? | Storage form of glucose in plants
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| Can the human digestive system break down alpha-1-4 bonds, beta-1-4 bonds, or both? | alpha-1-4
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| What is the structure of glycogen? | Highly branched chains of glucose bonded through alpha 1-4 linkage
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| What is the function of glycogen? | Storage form of glucose in humans and animals
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| What are the monomers and polymers of proteins? | Monomers: amino acids
Polymers: polypeptides
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| What are five functions of proteins | enzymes, hormones/neurotransmitters, surface receptors, movement, structure
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| What is the amino acid structure? | Amino group - R - carboxylic acid
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| What are the monomers and polymers of nucleic acids? | Monomers: nucleotides
Polymers: DNA/RNA
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| DNA vs. RNA | DNA: double stranded, held together through H-bonds; stores genetic info.
RNA: single stranded; involved in expression of genetic info.
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| What's the basic structure of a nucleotide? | 1. Ribose sugar
2. Phosphate
3. Nitrogenous base
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| What's the structure of RNA? | Single stranded with a ribose-phosphate backbone and Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Uracil bases
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| What's the structure of DNA? | Double stranded deoxyribose-phosphate backbone and Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine bases
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| What are the two types of lips? | Triglycerides and phospholipids
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| What is the structure and function of triglycerides? | Form of stored energy for plants and animals;
Glycerol backbone with 3 fatty acid chains
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| What is a fatty acid? | Long CH2 chain with a carboxylic acid at the end
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| Saturated vs. Unsaturated fat | Saturated: straight chains of single C-C bonds (solid fats)
Unsaturated: kinked chains of double C=C bonds (liquid oils)
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| Structure of phospholipids | 2 fatty acids attached to a glycerol and phosphate group; Polar hydrophilic heads and nonpolar hydrophobic tails
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| Two layers of phospholipids aligned with tails in and heads out; Phospholipid tails pointing inwards with heads pointing outwards in a circle | Phospholipid bilayer;
Micelle
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| What is the function of phospholipids | Basis for biological membranes and membrane transport
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| What are the five characteristics of life? | 1. Complexity and organization
2. Respond to environment (homeostasis)
3. Growth and metabolism
4. Reproduction/heredity
5. Evolve... as groups
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| Cell theory | All living things made of cells; all cells come from pre-existing cells
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| What is the size range of cells? | 0.01mm - 0.1mm diameter
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| What is the size of cells limited by? | Transport rate; limited by surface area to volume ratio
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| What are the two types of cells and their defining difference? | Prokaryotic: lacks compartment for nuculeus
Eukaryotic: distinct membrane bound nucleus
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| What are the two types of prokaryotic cells? | Bacteria and archaea
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| What is the bacteria cell wall composed of? | peptidoglycan
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| What is the function of the following prokaryotic cell optional portions? 1. Pili 2. Flagellum/ Cilia 3. Capsule | 1. Adhesive
2. Aids in movement
3. Encase; made of sugar
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| What organelles are in all prokaryotic cells? | Ribosomes, cytoplasm, nucleoid(no membrane), plasma membrane
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| What types of eukaryotic cells are there? | Animal, plant, fungal, protist
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| *Study fig 4.6/4.7 animal and plant cells |
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| What is the structure and function of the nucleus | Nucleolus- ridosome assembly
Chromatin- genetic info storage
Nuclear envelope- inner and outer membrane with pores to control traffic with cytoplasm
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| What is the function and an important structural feature of ribosomes | Protein synthesis; Not membrane bound
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| What is the endomembrane system? | Endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, vesicles
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| Describe the structure of the ER | Flattened sacs folded in cytoplasm; phospholipid bilayer walls; interior called lumin (empty hole in tube)
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| What is the function of the smooth ER | Lipid, cholesterol, and steroid synthesis; site of desaturation
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| What is the function of the rough ER | Protein manufacturing and exportation
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| Describe the structure of the golgi apparatus | Series of folded flattened sacs; lipid bilayer boundary; nonpolar cis face: receives vesicles from ER/ polar trans face: sends vesicles away from Golgi
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| What is the function of the golgi apparatus | distribution and packaging center; further modifies proteins
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| Exo vs. Endo cytosis Describe and explain how is the size effected by each? | Exo- materials leave, SA increases
Endo- materials enter, SA decreases
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| What is the purpose of lysosomes | Digest material from outside the cell and worn out organelles
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| What are the two types of lysosomes | Primary: made by Golgi with digestive enzymes optimized at acidic pH
Secondary: fuse with incoming material
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| What is the structure of the mitochondria | Outer membrane, intermembrane space, inner folded membrane(crista), soluble liquid central matrix
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| Where do mitochondria come from and what is its function | other mitochondria; energy metabolism
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| Name 3 organelles present in plant cells, not animal cells | cell wall, plastids(chloroplasts), vacuoles
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| Define thylakoid, granum, and stroma | single disk; stack of thylakoids; liquid, soluble material around grana
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| What is the purpose of vacuoles | Storage
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| What are peroxisomes | Small single membraned vesicles that remove peroxides from the rest of the cytoplasm
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| What organelle functions specifically to provide internal support | Cytoskeleton
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| What is found outside the cell in many tissues anEtra | extracellular matrix secreted from the surface. Comes from proteins made in the rER, moved to the golgi, the vesicles, and then the ECM
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| Peripheral vs. integral proteins | Peripheral: associated with the surface of membrane
integral: included within membrane
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| Place in order of decreasing membrane permeability strength: urea, glucose, oxygen | Oxygen>Urea>Glucose
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| Define amphipathic and give an example of an amphipathic structure | Has hydrophobic and hydrophillic regions; phospholipids
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| On the Golgi Aparatus, what is the direction of the cis and trans face? | cis-in/ trans-out
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| As radius _____, SA to volume ratio _______ and the ability to support metabolism ________. | Increases; decreases; decreases
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| When solutes are added to a solute/water mixture, water potential __________. | decreases
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