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Bio 110 Exam 1

QuestionAnswer
1 type of atom element
Ion atom with net electric charge
Ionic bonds complete transfer of electrons from one ion to another
Cations vs. anions Cations lose electrons, anions gain electrons
What do ionic bonds tend to form? Crystalline solids
Covalent bonds atoms share electrons
Nonpolar vs. polar Nonpolar bonds: electrons are shared equally; Polar: electrons are shared unequally
What determines bond polarity electronegativity -- Similar=nonpolar; large difference=polar
Define electronegativity How much of a grip the atom has on the electron
If the difference between elements is ____________, the bond is polar covalent greater than or equal to .5
Organic compound elements in order of increasing electronegativity H<C<N<O
Hydroxyl R-OH
R-C=O Carbonyl
Carboxyl R-C=O..C-OH (C with both bonds)
R-C-N-H2 Amino
Phosphate R-O-P=O... P also has two P-O- bonds
Roles of water molecules in living things (4) reactant, means of transport, solvent, temperature buffer
Define hydrogen bonding H can be attracted to a more electronegative atom *Between molecules, not within
Which is stronger, a hydrogen bond or covalent bond? Covalent
Bronsted-Lowry acid-base definition Acid donates a proton and base accepts a proton
pH formula pH = -log[H+]
Oxidation vs. reduction Oxidation: the loss of electrons; Reduction: the gain of electrons
Polymers are made up of a chain of _________ monomers
What are the four major classes of macromolecules Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids
Define condensation/dehydration H-monomer-OH -- H-monomer-OH H2O is a product dimer: H-monomer-monomer-H
General form of a monomer H-monomer-OH
Define hydrolysis H-monomer-monomer-OH H20 reacts to break bonds H-monomer-OH
What are the monomers and polymers of carbohydrates? Monomers: simple sugars/monosaccharides (glucose) Polymers: polysaccharides (cellulose, starch, glycogen)
What is the structure of cellulose? Unbranched, linear chain of glucose held together through beta 1-4 linkage
What is the function of cellulose? Gives shape and structure to plant cells
What is the structure of starch? Partially branched glucose chain held together with alpha 1-4 bonds
What is the function of starch? Storage form of glucose in plants
Can the human digestive system break down alpha-1-4 bonds, beta-1-4 bonds, or both? alpha-1-4
What is the structure of glycogen? Highly branched chains of glucose bonded through alpha 1-4 linkage
What is the function of glycogen? Storage form of glucose in humans and animals
What are the monomers and polymers of proteins? Monomers: amino acids Polymers: polypeptides
What are five functions of proteins enzymes, hormones/neurotransmitters, surface receptors, movement, structure
What is the amino acid structure? Amino group - R - carboxylic acid
What are the monomers and polymers of nucleic acids? Monomers: nucleotides Polymers: DNA/RNA
DNA vs. RNA DNA: double stranded, held together through H-bonds; stores genetic info. RNA: single stranded; involved in expression of genetic info.
What's the basic structure of a nucleotide? 1. Ribose sugar 2. Phosphate 3. Nitrogenous base
What's the structure of RNA? Single stranded with a ribose-phosphate backbone and Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Uracil bases
What's the structure of DNA? Double stranded deoxyribose-phosphate backbone and Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine bases
What are the two types of lips? Triglycerides and phospholipids
What is the structure and function of triglycerides? Form of stored energy for plants and animals; Glycerol backbone with 3 fatty acid chains
What is a fatty acid? Long CH2 chain with a carboxylic acid at the end
Saturated vs. Unsaturated fat Saturated: straight chains of single C-C bonds (solid fats) Unsaturated: kinked chains of double C=C bonds (liquid oils)
Structure of phospholipids 2 fatty acids attached to a glycerol and phosphate group; Polar hydrophilic heads and nonpolar hydrophobic tails
Two layers of phospholipids aligned with tails in and heads out; Phospholipid tails pointing inwards with heads pointing outwards in a circle Phospholipid bilayer; Micelle
What is the function of phospholipids Basis for biological membranes and membrane transport
What are the five characteristics of life? 1. Complexity and organization 2. Respond to environment (homeostasis) 3. Growth and metabolism 4. Reproduction/heredity 5. Evolve... as groups
Cell theory All living things made of cells; all cells come from pre-existing cells
What is the size range of cells? 0.01mm - 0.1mm diameter
What is the size of cells limited by? Transport rate; limited by surface area to volume ratio
What are the two types of cells and their defining difference? Prokaryotic: lacks compartment for nuculeus Eukaryotic: distinct membrane bound nucleus
What are the two types of prokaryotic cells? Bacteria and archaea
What is the bacteria cell wall composed of? peptidoglycan
What is the function of the following prokaryotic cell optional portions? 1. Pili 2. Flagellum/ Cilia 3. Capsule 1. Adhesive 2. Aids in movement 3. Encase; made of sugar
What organelles are in all prokaryotic cells? Ribosomes, cytoplasm, nucleoid(no membrane), plasma membrane
What types of eukaryotic cells are there? Animal, plant, fungal, protist
*Study fig 4.6/4.7 animal and plant cells
What is the structure and function of the nucleus Nucleolus- ridosome assembly Chromatin- genetic info storage Nuclear envelope- inner and outer membrane with pores to control traffic with cytoplasm
What is the function and an important structural feature of ribosomes Protein synthesis; Not membrane bound
What is the endomembrane system? Endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, vesicles
Describe the structure of the ER Flattened sacs folded in cytoplasm; phospholipid bilayer walls; interior called lumin (empty hole in tube)
What is the function of the smooth ER Lipid, cholesterol, and steroid synthesis; site of desaturation
What is the function of the rough ER Protein manufacturing and exportation
Describe the structure of the golgi apparatus Series of folded flattened sacs; lipid bilayer boundary; nonpolar cis face: receives vesicles from ER/ polar trans face: sends vesicles away from Golgi
What is the function of the golgi apparatus distribution and packaging center; further modifies proteins
Exo vs. Endo cytosis Describe and explain how is the size effected by each? Exo- materials leave, SA increases Endo- materials enter, SA decreases
What is the purpose of lysosomes Digest material from outside the cell and worn out organelles
What are the two types of lysosomes Primary: made by Golgi with digestive enzymes optimized at acidic pH Secondary: fuse with incoming material
What is the structure of the mitochondria Outer membrane, intermembrane space, inner folded membrane(crista), soluble liquid central matrix
Where do mitochondria come from and what is its function other mitochondria; energy metabolism
Name 3 organelles present in plant cells, not animal cells cell wall, plastids(chloroplasts), vacuoles
Define thylakoid, granum, and stroma single disk; stack of thylakoids; liquid, soluble material around grana
What is the purpose of vacuoles Storage
What are peroxisomes Small single membraned vesicles that remove peroxides from the rest of the cytoplasm
What organelle functions specifically to provide internal support Cytoskeleton
What is found outside the cell in many tissues anEtra extracellular matrix secreted from the surface. Comes from proteins made in the rER, moved to the golgi, the vesicles, and then the ECM
Peripheral vs. integral proteins Peripheral: associated with the surface of membrane integral: included within membrane
Place in order of decreasing membrane permeability strength: urea, glucose, oxygen Oxygen>Urea>Glucose
Define amphipathic and give an example of an amphipathic structure Has hydrophobic and hydrophillic regions; phospholipids
On the Golgi Aparatus, what is the direction of the cis and trans face? cis-in/ trans-out
As radius _____, SA to volume ratio _______ and the ability to support metabolism ________. Increases; decreases; decreases
When solutes are added to a solute/water mixture, water potential __________. decreases
Created by: jkmccord11
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