heredity
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| multiplication rule | to determine the probability of 2 or more independent events occurring together, multiply the probabilities of each event happening separately
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| gene | genetic material on a chromosome that contains the instructions for creating a particular trait
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| allele | several varieties of a gene
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| locus | location on a chromosome where a gene is located
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| homologous chromosomes | each parent contributes a chromosome to the pair, they may contain different alleles
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| dominant | gene that is being expressed
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| recessive | gene that is not expressed
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| phenotype | physical expression of a gene
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| genotype | represents the actual alleles
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| law of segregation | one member of each chromosome pair migrates to an opposite pole so that each gamete contains only one copy of each chromosome
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| law of independent assortment | the migration of homologues in one homologous chromosome to opposite poles does not affect the migration of homologues of other homologous pairs
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| monohybrid cross | one trait is being investigated
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| dihybrid cross | two traits are being investigated
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| complete dominance | dominant allele is expressed over recessive allele
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| incomplete dominance | the combined expression of 2 different alleles produces a blending of the individual expressions of the two alleles
ex. wavy hair
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| codominance | both inherited alleles are completely expressed
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| multiple alleles | ex. A, B, and O blood types
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| epistasis | one gene affects the phenotypic expression of a second gene
ex. one gene turns on (or off) the production of a pigment, while a second gene controls either the amount of pigment produced or the color of the pigment
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| pleiotropy | single gene has more than one phenotypic expression
ex. sickle-cell disease, gene incorrectly codes for hemoblobin, causing the RBC to change shape and can cause death
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| polygenic inheritance | many genes shape a single phenotype
ex. height
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| linked genes | genes that reside on the same chromosome and cannot segregate independently because they are physically connected
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| the greater the distance between 2 genes... | the more likely the two genes will cross over during synapsis
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| sex linked genes | genes that reside on the X chromosome
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| example of sex linked gene | hemophilia--> cannot properly clot blood
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| x inactivation | in females, one X becomes a barr body, so only the alleles on the active X chromosome are expressed
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| nondisjunction | failure of one or more chromosome pair/chromotids to properly separate during meiosis or mitosis
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| polyploidy | all of the chromosomes undergo meiotic nondisjunction and produce gametes with twice the number of chromosomes;
mostly happens in plants
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| point mutations | when a single nucleotide in the DNA of a gene is incorrect
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| substitution | different nucleotide is substituted for the correct one
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| deletion | nucleotide base-pair is omitted
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| insertion | extra base-pair is inserted
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| aneuploidy | genome with extra or missing chromosome, often caused by nondisjunction
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| down syndrome | trisomy 21
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| turner syndrome | nondisjunction of the sex chromosomes, sperm will either have both sex chromosomes (XY) or none (O)
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