MLT Endocrinology
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| What is a substance produced and secreted into the blood by an organ or tissue, and has a specific effect on target tissue? | Hormone
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| Hormones work in conjunction with which body system, maintains a state in the body which functions optimally and is disease free? | Nervous System
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| What are the three types of of hormornes? | Steroid; Protein; Amine
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| Where are Steroid hormone produced? | Adren glands, gonads, and placenta
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| Which hormones does the Adrenal glands produce? | Cortisol, Aldosterone, and Sex Steroids (primarily Androgens)
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| Where are Testosterone, Estrogen, and Progesterone produced? | Gonads and Placenta
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| Which type of hormones are hydrophobic and synthesized from cholesterol? | Steroidal Hormones
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| What is the Plasma half life for Steroidal Hormones? | 60 - 100 minutes
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| What are the two types of Protein Hormones? | Peptide Hormones and Glycoprotein Hormones
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| What type of Protein hormone is synthesized as a prohormone? | Peptide Hormones
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| Which hormones are classified as Peptide Hormones? | Parathyroid Hormone, Prolactin, Insulin, Glucagon, and Growth Hormone
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| Which hormones are classified as Glycoprotein Hormones? | FSH, LH, TSH ans HCG; All have immunologically identical alpha chains and different beta chains (provide for specificity)
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| What is the half life for Protein Hormones? | 5 - 60 minutes
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| Which hormones are classified as Amines? | Catecholamines ( epinephrine and Norepinephrine), Thyroxine (T4), and Triiodothyronine (T3)
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| What are naturally occuring compounds, in the body, that serves as the hormones or neurotransmitters in the Sympathetic Nervous System? | Catecholamines
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| Which Amines behave like Protein Hormones? | Catecholamines 9Epinephrine and Norepinephrine)
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| Which Amines behave like Steroid Hormones? | Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)
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| Which hormones are thought to produce effects via the interaction with the receptor on the outer surface of the cell membrane? | Protein Hormones and Catecholamines (Epinephrine and Norepinephrine)
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| Which Hormone has Cyclic Adenosinemonophosphate (cAMP) as it's "second Messenger"? | Protein Hormones; Cellular action ceases rapidly after loss of stimulus
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| Which hormone passes through the cell membrane and interact with an intracellular receptor? | Steroidal Hormones
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| Which hormones has a hormone-receptor that binds with chromatin, inducing formation of mRNA? | Steroidal Proteins; Cellular action takes a while to stop once stimulus has been removed
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| What is regulated primarly via the control of hormone synthesis vice rate of hormone degradation? | the Endocrine System
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| How is the synthesis of hormones controlled? | Controlled through the system of negative feedback
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| How is cessation of hormone synthesis triggered? | by Tropic Hormones or effected substance, not hormone concentration
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| Where is the hypothalamus located? | portion of brain located in the walls and floor of the third ventricle, directly above the pituitary gland; connected to the posterior pituitary via a nerve stalk
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| Which hormones does the Anterior Hypothalamus produce? | Thyrotopin releasing hormone (TSH & Prolactin), Gonadotropin relaesing hormone (LH & FSH), Somatostatin (inhibits GH & TSH release), Corticotropin releasing hormone (ACTH), Prolactin inhibiting factor (Dopamine), Growth hormone releasing hormone
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| Which part of the Hypothalamus produces ADH and Oxytocin? | Supraaptic and Paraventricular nuclei
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| What are the hypothalamus associated disorders? | Tumors, Inflammatory/degenerative processes, congenital problems, and diseases which affect interrelationships of the hypothalamus & other portions of the brain (growth failure in emotionally deprived children and Anorexia Nervosa)
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| Where is the Anterior Pituitary located? | In the Sellaturcica cavity in teh splenoid bone of the skull
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| What type of hormonal secretions come from the anterior pituitary? | Protein hormones 9Peptide and Glycoprotein)
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| Which hormones are secreted from the anterior pituitary? | ACTH, GH, Prolactin, TSH, LH, and FSH
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| Which peptide hormone secreted by the anterion pituitary stimulates the adrenal cortex? | Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
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| What is Growth Hormone (GH)? | A peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates protein anabolism, lipolysis, and hyperglycemia.
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| Which peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary, that initiates and maintains lactation? | Prolactin
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| What are the Glycoproteins secreted by the anterior pituitary? | TSH (stimulates thyroid gland), LH (involved in ovulation), and FSH (stimulates growth of follicles within ovaries)
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| What is the term associated with an overall decrease in pituitary hormones due to ischemia? | Panhypopituitarism
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| What causes severe malnutrition. chronic liver or kidney disease, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, growth failure or pituitary adenoma? | Increase in Growth Hormone
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| When does an increase in GH cause giagantism, and when does it cause acromegaly? | increased GH causes gigantism in childrenand also causes acromegaly in adults
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| What is the function of Prolactin? | Initiation and maintenance of lactation; after delivery levels may reach 200-300 ng/ml
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| What are the components of the Posterior pituitary (Neurohypophysis)? | various parts of the hypothalamus, nerve fibers, and pituitary gland
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| Which hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary? | Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH, Vasopressin), and Oxytocin
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| What is the function of ADH? | Increases blood pressure and regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys; produced by neurons in teh hypothalamus
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| Which hormone stimulates contractions during delivery? | Oxytocin
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| What are some associated disorders with the posterior pituitary? | Decreased ADH secretion (causes polyuria), Oxytocin has no known disorders
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| Which gland is located in the middle of the lower neck, below the larynx (voice box) and just above your clavicle? | Thyroid Gland
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| What are the 2 lobes of the Thyroid Gland joind by? | an Isthmus
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| Which hormones are secreted by the Thyroid Gland? | Thyroxine (T4)- stimulates O2 consumption and metabolic rate in tissues; Triiodothyronine (T3) - same function as T4; Calcitonin - inhibits Ca resorption, lowers Blood Ca and P,
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| What does hyperthyroidism result in? | Disorders of the kidney and bone due to abnormal Ca levels
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| What does hypothyroidism result in? | injury or trauma of glands thus inability to maintian serum Ca levels without use of Ca supplements
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| Where are the Parathyroid Glands located? | Adjacent to the middle and lower portion of the Thyroid Gland
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| Which hormone causes the blood phosphate level to decrease and the Ca levels to rise? | Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
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| Which disorder of the parathyroid glands is usually due to a adenoma, if not, hyperplasia is the culprit? | Hyperparathyroidism
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| Which parathyroid gland disorder usually occurs due to trauma, and without the use of supplements results in low Ca levels? | Hypoparathyroidism
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| Which glands ae located atop the upper pole of each kidney? | Adrenal Glands
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| What is the outer layer of the Adrenal Glands, and how many layers does it have? | Adrenal cortex, and it has 3 layers
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| Which part of the Adrenal Gland is linked to the Sympathetic Nervous System? | Adrenal Medulla
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| What types of hormones secreted by the Adrenal Medulla? | Mineralcorticoids - Aldosterone, Glucocorticoids- Cortisol, Sex Steroids, and Catecholamine Group- Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
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| Which hormone helps regulate electrolytes? | Aldosterone
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| which hormone helps to keep blood glucose concentration within a normal range between meals? | Cortisol
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| What is the function of Sex Steroids? | Regulates sexual development (puberty)
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| Which hormone accelerates glucose breakdown for production of ATP? | Epinephrine
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| Which hormones mobilize energy stores, increases heart rate, blood sugar, and blood pressure? | Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
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| Which disorders are associated with the Adrenal Cortex? | mineral/vitamin metabolism or sexual develpoment
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| What are the disorders associated with the Adrenal Medulla, due to tumors? | Pheochromocytomas- benign tumor, well encapsulated vascular tumor of the adrenal medulla; Neuroblastomas- Sarcoma of the nervous system affecting mostly infants and children up to 10 years old
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| Which Organ contains the Islet of Langerhans? | Pancreas
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| What does each type of cell of the Islet of Langerhans secrete? | Alpha- glucagon (stimulates glycogenolysis ); Beta- insulin (regulates carb metabolism); Gamma- Somatostatin
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| What does disorders of the Islet of langerhans result in? | the inability to metabolize carbs that results in diabetes, hypo or hyperglycemia
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| Which hormones are secreted by the Ovaries? | Estrogen, Progesterone, and small amounts of androgens (testosterone0
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| Which hormones are responsible for the development of female sex characteristics? | Progesterone and Estrogen (Estradiol is most common)
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| Which hormones does the placenta secrete? | Estrogen, Progesterone, and a wide variety of protein hormone
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| What is the major androgen secreted by the testes, and what is its function? | Testosterone- responsible for male sexual development
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| Which disorders are associated with the reporductive system? | varies by sex and gland involved, usually results in under or over development of sexual characteristics
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| Which methodology of hormone testing requires a host organism? | Classical- Bioassay; cumbersome and expensive
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| What are the 3 methodologies for hormone testing? | Classical- requires host organism; Competitive Protein Binding (CPB)- competition of protein binding sites between known added amount of "tagged" or "labeled" hormone; Immunological Assays- binding of antibodies against hormone tested
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| Which testing method utilizes a radio-labeled hormone as tagged hormone? | Radioimmunoassay (RIA); uses anti-sera
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| Which test method uses a labeled antibody instead of a hormone? | Immunoradiometric Assays (IRMA)
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| Which test method uses and enzyme tag vice radioactive label? | Enzyme-linked immunosorbent Assay (ELISA); most commonly seen
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| Which test method thats similar to ELISA allows for measurement without separating bond from free components? | Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique (EMIT)
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| Which test method is a competitive protein binding assay employing fluorescent labels? | Fluorescent Immunoassay (FIA)
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| Which test method is based on a change in angle of polarized fluorescence is emitted by a fluorescent molecule? | Fluorescent Polarization (FPIA)
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