chapter 4 tissue
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| Epithelial | Forms boundaries between different environments, protects, secretes, absorbs, filters.
Skin surface (epidermis)
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| Connective | Supports, protects, binds other tissues together
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| Muscle | Contracts to cause movement
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| Nervous | Internal communication
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| Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue | Cells have polarity—apical (upper, free), lateral, and basal (lower, attached) surfaces
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| Apical surface (epithelial) | surfaces may bear microvilli.(brush border of intestinal lining) or cilia (lining of trachea)surface is toward a lumen (open space)
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| Lateral surface (epithelial) | surface binds directly to other cells through desmosomes, tight junctions, or gap junctions
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| basal surface (epithelial) | Noncellular basal lamina of glycoprotein and collagen lies adjacent to surface of the basement.
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| Structural Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue 1-3 | 1. Cells are tightly packed and attached by cell junctions (tight junctions and desmosomes)
2 Epithelial tissue is avascular (lacks circulatory system)
3 Is supported by connective tissue reticular lamina (under basal lamina)
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| Structural Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue 4-6 | 4 Nerves only send projections into tissue
5 Covers the surfaces of the body (internal and external)
6 Has a high rate of regeneration
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| Tight Junctions | Keep substances from passing between cells
Line Simple Epithelia
Columnar Epithelia in the Intestine
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| Gap Junctions | Allow small molecules and ions to pass through to adjacent cells.Found in most epithelial cells (Nerve and Cardiac cells).
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| Desmosomes | Mechanical protein links which bind cells together in tissues subject to considerable stretching
Found in skin, heart, muscle, and uterus
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| Hemidesmosomes | Mechanical protein links which bind cells to the basement membrane in most tissue
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| Adherance Junctions | Weak glycoprotein bonds which assist tight junctions in binding epithelial cells together
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| Squamous cell | The cells are much wider
than they are tall.
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| Columnar | The cells are much taller than they are wide
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| Cuboidal | The cells are about as wide as they are tall
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| Simple Squamous Epithelial Cells | Location:-Lung Alveoli(endothelium)(gas exchange)-Blood/lymphatic (endothelium)
vessels-Heart (endothelium)-Serous membranes in ventral body cavity (mesothelium)
Function:Allows diffusion and filtration of material where protection is not important
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| Simple Cuboidal Epithelial Cells | Location:Tubules of kidneys,Pancreas,Thyroid,
Small glands,Ovary
Function:Secretion,Absorption
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| Simple Columnar Epithelial Cells | Location:Most of the digestive tract
(Stomach to anal canal)-Gall bladder-Ducts of some glands Ciliated type-Small bronchi-Some parts of the uterus
Function:-Absorption-Secretion (enzymes, mucus)-Propels mucus/reproductive cells
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| Stratified Squamous Epithelial Cells | Location:Non-keratinized type-Skin-Mouth -Esophagus-Vagina
Keratinized type:-Epidermis of the skin
Function:-Protection against mechanical stress and abrasion
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| Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelial Cells | Location:Ciliated Type-Trachea/Most of the upper respiratory tract
Non-ciliated Type-Sperm carrying ducts/some glands
Function:-Secretion of mucus-Propulsion of mucus through cilia
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| Transitional Epithelial Cells | Location:-Urinary bladder-Ureters-Urethra
Function:-Stretches readily and permits distention(cells change shape)
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| Glandular Epithelia | A gland is one or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid
Classified by:Site of product release—endocrine or exocrine
-Relative number of cells forming the gland; unicellular (goblet cells) or multicellular
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| Glandular Epithelia (types) | Endocrine glands
Exocrine glands
Unicellular exocrine glands
Multicellular exocrine glands
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| Endocrine glands | Ductless glands
Secrete hormones that travel through lymph or blood to target organs
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| Exocrine glands | More numerous than endocrine glands
Secrete products into ducts
Secretions released onto body surfaces (skin) or into body cavities
Examples include mucous, sweat, oil, and salivary glands
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| Types of Exocrine Glands | Unicellular exocrine glands-Goblet cell (found in respiratory tract)
Multicellular exocrine glands-Are composed of a duct and a secretory unit
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| Modes of Exocrine Secretions | Merocrine-Products are secreted by exocytosis(pancreas,sweat and salivary glands)
Holocrine-Products are secreted by rupture of gland cells(sebaceous glands)
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| Connective Tissue (Types of Tissue) | Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue,Loose (Reticular) Connective Tissue,Adipose Tissue,Dense Connective Tissue(Regular
Irregular),Cartilage,Bone,Blood
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| Connective Tissue Functions and Locations | Tendons – Binds tissues together
Dermis of Skin, Membranes -Supports and strengthens other tissues
Skeleton - Protection of vital organs
Blood - Transport
Fat – Insulation and Energy Storage
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| Embryonic (connective tissue) | Mesenchyme-Gives rise to all other connective tissues.Gel-like ground substance with fibers and star-shaped mesenchymal cells
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| Types of Cells Found in Connective Tissue | -Fibroblasts in connective tissue proper
-Chondroblasts and chondrocytes in cartilage
-Osteoblasts and osteocytes in bone
(blast-builds something)
(cytes-maintain surrounding tissue)
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| Protein Fibers of the Matrix (Connective Tissue) | Collagen
Reticular
Elastic Fibers
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| Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue | Consists of Elastic Fibers and Collagen Fibers.
Widely distributed, under skin, digestive tract, surround organs/capillaries.
Fibroblasts, Macrophages, Mast cells
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| Loose (Reticular) Connective Tissue | Found in lymphoid organs (spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow)
Supports other cell types including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages.
Fibers in a loose ground substance.
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| Dense Connective Tissue | Dense Collagenous Tissue (regular/irregular)
-Found in Tendons
Dense Elastic Tissue (regular)
-Found in Blood Vessel Walls
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| Adipose tissue | Some reticular fibers, adipocytes store fat Widely distributed in the body
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| Dense irregular connective tissue | Irregularly arranged collagen fibers.
Function
Can withstand tension in many different directions.Provides structural strength.
Location:Dermis of the skin,Fibrous capsules of organs and joints,Submucosa of digestive tract.
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| Dense Collagenous Connective Tissue (regular) | -Fibroblasts secrete collagen, all fibers parallel
-Found in Tendons, Ligaments, Dermis of the Skin
-High proportion of Collagen fibers
-Withstands great stress in one direction
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| Dense Elastic Connective Tissue (regular) | -Fibroblasts secrete collagen, all fibers parallel
-Vocal cords, Blood Vessel Walls, Bronchial tubes
-High proportion of Elastic fibers
-Allows recoil of tissue following stretching
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| Characteristics of Cartilage | -Composed of Cells Called Chondrocytes.
-Chondrocytes secrete dense, evenly dispersed collagen fibers.
-Chondrocytes sit in spaces called Lacunae
-Provides Flexibility, Strength, and Support
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| Hyalin Cartilage (most abundant) | -Thin, pale collagen fibers (not visible)
-Ends of long bones (joints), trachea, larynx, growth of skeleton
-Can withstand compression forces
-Provides support and cushioning properties
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| Elastic Cartilage | -More elastic fibers in the matrix
-Ear, nose and epiglottis
-Can recoil when bent
-Maintains shape and flexibility
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| Fibrocartilage | -Thick visible collagen fibers
-Pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, miniscus in knee
-Can withstand tearing forces and absorb compressive shock
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| Bone (connective tissue) | -Hard, calcified matrix, with a lot of collagen fibers
-Osteocytes lie in lacunae
Function:Support/protection
-Stores calcium, minerals, and fat
-Blood cell formation
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| Blood (connective tissue) | -Composed of red and white cells in plasma (fluid matrix)
-Function:Transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes and other substances
-Location:Contained within blood vessels
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| Nervous Tissue | -Neurons are branching cells
-Function:Transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors
-Transmit electrical signals to effectors (muscles and glands)
-Location:Brain,Spinal cord,Nerves
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| Skeletal muscle (muscle tissue) | -Striated, long cells, multinucleated
-Muscles that voluntarily move the skeleton
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| Cardiac muscle (muscle tissue) | Striated, intercalated disks, single nucleolus in each cell,involuntary
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| Smooth muscle (muscle tissue) | No striations, involuntary
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