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chapter 4 tissue
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Epithelial | Forms boundaries between different environments, protects, secretes, absorbs, filters. Skin surface (epidermis) |
| Connective | Supports, protects, binds other tissues together |
| Muscle | Contracts to cause movement |
| Nervous | Internal communication |
| Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue | Cells have polarity—apical (upper, free), lateral, and basal (lower, attached) surfaces |
| Apical surface (epithelial) | surfaces may bear microvilli.(brush border of intestinal lining) or cilia (lining of trachea)surface is toward a lumen (open space) |
| Lateral surface (epithelial) | surface binds directly to other cells through desmosomes, tight junctions, or gap junctions |
| basal surface (epithelial) | Noncellular basal lamina of glycoprotein and collagen lies adjacent to surface of the basement. |
| Structural Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue 1-3 | 1. Cells are tightly packed and attached by cell junctions (tight junctions and desmosomes) 2 Epithelial tissue is avascular (lacks circulatory system) 3 Is supported by connective tissue reticular lamina (under basal lamina) |
| Structural Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue 4-6 | 4 Nerves only send projections into tissue 5 Covers the surfaces of the body (internal and external) 6 Has a high rate of regeneration |
| Tight Junctions | Keep substances from passing between cells Line Simple Epithelia Columnar Epithelia in the Intestine |
| Gap Junctions | Allow small molecules and ions to pass through to adjacent cells.Found in most epithelial cells (Nerve and Cardiac cells). |
| Desmosomes | Mechanical protein links which bind cells together in tissues subject to considerable stretching Found in skin, heart, muscle, and uterus |
| Hemidesmosomes | Mechanical protein links which bind cells to the basement membrane in most tissue |
| Adherance Junctions | Weak glycoprotein bonds which assist tight junctions in binding epithelial cells together |
| Squamous cell | The cells are much wider than they are tall. |
| Columnar | The cells are much taller than they are wide |
| Cuboidal | The cells are about as wide as they are tall |
| Simple Squamous Epithelial Cells | Location:-Lung Alveoli(endothelium)(gas exchange)-Blood/lymphatic (endothelium) vessels-Heart (endothelium)-Serous membranes in ventral body cavity (mesothelium) Function:Allows diffusion and filtration of material where protection is not important |
| Simple Cuboidal Epithelial Cells | Location:Tubules of kidneys,Pancreas,Thyroid, Small glands,Ovary Function:Secretion,Absorption |
| Simple Columnar Epithelial Cells | Location:Most of the digestive tract (Stomach to anal canal)-Gall bladder-Ducts of some glands Ciliated type-Small bronchi-Some parts of the uterus Function:-Absorption-Secretion (enzymes, mucus)-Propels mucus/reproductive cells |
| Stratified Squamous Epithelial Cells | Location:Non-keratinized type-Skin-Mouth -Esophagus-Vagina Keratinized type:-Epidermis of the skin Function:-Protection against mechanical stress and abrasion |
| Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelial Cells | Location:Ciliated Type-Trachea/Most of the upper respiratory tract Non-ciliated Type-Sperm carrying ducts/some glands Function:-Secretion of mucus-Propulsion of mucus through cilia |
| Transitional Epithelial Cells | Location:-Urinary bladder-Ureters-Urethra Function:-Stretches readily and permits distention(cells change shape) |
| Glandular Epithelia | A gland is one or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid Classified by:Site of product release—endocrine or exocrine -Relative number of cells forming the gland; unicellular (goblet cells) or multicellular |
| Glandular Epithelia (types) | Endocrine glands Exocrine glands Unicellular exocrine glands Multicellular exocrine glands |
| Endocrine glands | Ductless glands Secrete hormones that travel through lymph or blood to target organs |
| Exocrine glands | More numerous than endocrine glands Secrete products into ducts Secretions released onto body surfaces (skin) or into body cavities Examples include mucous, sweat, oil, and salivary glands |
| Types of Exocrine Glands | Unicellular exocrine glands-Goblet cell (found in respiratory tract) Multicellular exocrine glands-Are composed of a duct and a secretory unit |
| Modes of Exocrine Secretions | Merocrine-Products are secreted by exocytosis(pancreas,sweat and salivary glands) Holocrine-Products are secreted by rupture of gland cells(sebaceous glands) |
| Connective Tissue (Types of Tissue) | Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue,Loose (Reticular) Connective Tissue,Adipose Tissue,Dense Connective Tissue(Regular Irregular),Cartilage,Bone,Blood |
| Connective Tissue Functions and Locations | Tendons – Binds tissues together Dermis of Skin, Membranes -Supports and strengthens other tissues Skeleton - Protection of vital organs Blood - Transport Fat – Insulation and Energy Storage |
| Embryonic (connective tissue) | Mesenchyme-Gives rise to all other connective tissues.Gel-like ground substance with fibers and star-shaped mesenchymal cells |
| Types of Cells Found in Connective Tissue | -Fibroblasts in connective tissue proper -Chondroblasts and chondrocytes in cartilage -Osteoblasts and osteocytes in bone (blast-builds something) (cytes-maintain surrounding tissue) |
| Protein Fibers of the Matrix (Connective Tissue) | Collagen Reticular Elastic Fibers |
| Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue | Consists of Elastic Fibers and Collagen Fibers. Widely distributed, under skin, digestive tract, surround organs/capillaries. Fibroblasts, Macrophages, Mast cells |
| Loose (Reticular) Connective Tissue | Found in lymphoid organs (spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow) Supports other cell types including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages. Fibers in a loose ground substance. |
| Dense Connective Tissue | Dense Collagenous Tissue (regular/irregular) -Found in Tendons Dense Elastic Tissue (regular) -Found in Blood Vessel Walls |
| Adipose tissue | Some reticular fibers, adipocytes store fat Widely distributed in the body |
| Dense irregular connective tissue | Irregularly arranged collagen fibers. Function Can withstand tension in many different directions.Provides structural strength. Location:Dermis of the skin,Fibrous capsules of organs and joints,Submucosa of digestive tract. |
| Dense Collagenous Connective Tissue (regular) | -Fibroblasts secrete collagen, all fibers parallel -Found in Tendons, Ligaments, Dermis of the Skin -High proportion of Collagen fibers -Withstands great stress in one direction |
| Dense Elastic Connective Tissue (regular) | -Fibroblasts secrete collagen, all fibers parallel -Vocal cords, Blood Vessel Walls, Bronchial tubes -High proportion of Elastic fibers -Allows recoil of tissue following stretching |
| Characteristics of Cartilage | -Composed of Cells Called Chondrocytes. -Chondrocytes secrete dense, evenly dispersed collagen fibers. -Chondrocytes sit in spaces called Lacunae -Provides Flexibility, Strength, and Support |
| Hyalin Cartilage (most abundant) | -Thin, pale collagen fibers (not visible) -Ends of long bones (joints), trachea, larynx, growth of skeleton -Can withstand compression forces -Provides support and cushioning properties |
| Elastic Cartilage | -More elastic fibers in the matrix -Ear, nose and epiglottis -Can recoil when bent -Maintains shape and flexibility |
| Fibrocartilage | -Thick visible collagen fibers -Pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, miniscus in knee -Can withstand tearing forces and absorb compressive shock |
| Bone (connective tissue) | -Hard, calcified matrix, with a lot of collagen fibers -Osteocytes lie in lacunae Function:Support/protection -Stores calcium, minerals, and fat -Blood cell formation |
| Blood (connective tissue) | -Composed of red and white cells in plasma (fluid matrix) -Function:Transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes and other substances -Location:Contained within blood vessels |
| Nervous Tissue | -Neurons are branching cells -Function:Transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors -Transmit electrical signals to effectors (muscles and glands) -Location:Brain,Spinal cord,Nerves |
| Skeletal muscle (muscle tissue) | -Striated, long cells, multinucleated -Muscles that voluntarily move the skeleton |
| Cardiac muscle (muscle tissue) | Striated, intercalated disks, single nucleolus in each cell,involuntary |
| Smooth muscle (muscle tissue) | No striations, involuntary |
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