Nutrients used by body cells
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| The most used substance for producing the energy- rich ATP | Carbohydrates
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| Important in building myelin sheaths and cell membranes | Fats
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| Tend to be conserved by cells | Amino acids
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| the second most important food source for making cellular energy | fats
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| form insulating deposits around body organs and beneath the skin | Fats
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| Used to make the bulk of cell structure and functional substances such as enzymes | amino acids
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| Examples of carbohydrate-rich food in the diet | Fruits,vegetables, breads/ pasta
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| Fatty foods ingested in the normal diet include | Cream and cheese
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| The only important digestible polysaccharide | Starch
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| An indigestible polysaccharide that aids elimination because it adds bulk to the diet is | Cellulose
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| protein- rich foods include ____and _____ | Cheese/cream, Meat/fish
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| most examples of these nutrients, which are found largely in vegetables and fruits, are used as coenzymes | Vitamins
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| Include copper, iron, and sodium | Minerals
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| Which of the oxidative phases does not require oxygen | Glycolysis
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| Which phases do require oxygen | Krebs cycle and the electron
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| In which form is chemical energy transferred from the first two phases to the third phase | in the form of hydrogen atoms bearing high energy electrons
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| which of the phases produces the largest amount of ATP | the electron transport chain
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| Which phase combines energetic H atoms with molecular oxygen | The electron trasport chain
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| When you eat food that contains carbohydrates, you break down the carbohydrates into a monosaccharide called? | glucose
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| If you don’t use this monosaccharide, your body can store it in the liver in the form of | glycogen
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| Order the steps of aerobic (cellular) respiration. Which step does NOT produce ATP? | 3 - Krebs Cycle 1 - Glycolysis 2 - Oxidation of Pyruvic acid (does NOT produce ATP) 4 - Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
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| Where in a cell does glycolysis occur? | In the cytosol
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| In glycolysis, a molecule of _________is split into two molecules of _________ | glucose, pyruvic acid
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| How much energy (ATP) is needed to start the process of glycolysis? | (2) ATP (1 in step #1 and 1 in step #3)
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| How much energy is produced? | (4) ATP
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| What is the net gain in energy? | (2) ATP
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| Four high energy electrons are transferred to what carrier molecule? | (NADH) + (H+)
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| What is the purpose of forming (NADH) + (H+)? | to store energy for use in the electron transport chain
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| What is a disadvantage of glycolysis? | (2) molecules of ATP are used up in this process
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| In order to produce energy, cells start with glycolysis. If oxygen is NOT present after glycolysis, what process occurs next? | Fermentation (production of lactic acid)
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| If oxygen IS present after glycolysis, what process occurs next? | Oxidation of pyruvic acid
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| A process that does NOT require oxygen is known as: | anaerobic
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| Why is the oxidation of pyruvic acid necessary? | Because pyruvic acid cannot enter the Krebs Cycle, so it must be converted into something that can
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| The first reaction involved in the oxidation of pyruvic acid is ____where a _____ molecule is removed from pyruvic acid. | decarboxylation, carbon dioxide
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| The second reaction is the______of pyruvic acid and simultaneously the reduction of NAD (which becomes ______ to produce an acetyl group. | oxidation NAD (which becomes (NADH)+(H+) after it is reduced
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| The acetyl group combines with ______ to produce acetyl CoA. | coenzyme A
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| Where does the Krebs cycle occur in a cell? | In the matrix of the mitochondria
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| At the beginning of the Krebs cycle, the acetyl group combines with___ to produce | oxaloacetic acid, citric acid.
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| How many ATP molecules are formed with each “turn” of the cycle? | (1) ATP
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| How many NADH + H+ molecules are formed with each “turn” of the cycle? | (3)NADH +(H+)
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| How many FADH2 molecules are formed with each “turn” of the cycle? | (1) FADH2
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| Where do NADH + H+ and FADH2 come from? (Circle all that apply) | Glycolysis, Oxidation of pyruvic acid, Krebs cycle (all)
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| Where does the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) occur? | On the crista (folds) of the inner mitochondrial membrane
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| What is the source of electrons in the ETC? | they come from the reduced coenzymes (NADH + H+ and FADH2)
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| What molecule is the final acceptor of the electrons? | Oxygen
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| Electrons, the electron acceptor identified above, and H+ combine to form | H2O (water)
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| While electrons move along the electron carriers in the ETC, what happens to the H+? | they are pumped out of the matrix and into the intermembrane space
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| What charge builds up in the intermembrane space? | Positive charge
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| The enzyme_____uses the energy from the moving H+ to combine ADP and phosphate, forming high-energy | ATP synthase ATP
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| Every FADH2 molecule that enters the ETC will provide energy to create | (2) ATP.
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| Almost every NADH + H+ molecule that enters the ETC will provide energy to create | (3) ATP.
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| Why does FADH 2 produce fewer ATP molecules then HADH + H+ when it passes its electrons down the ETC? | because it carries lower energy electrons than (NADH)+(H+)
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| Oxaloacetic Acid->Acetyl Co A(goes in and back out as Co A)(+acetyl Group)->Citric Acid | Krebs Cycle
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| Glycolysis (event Glucose-> Pyruvic Acid) | [ATP(2)] [NADH+H+ (2)] [FADH2 (0)]
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| Oxidation of Pyruvic Acid(event Pyruvic Acid-> acetyl coenzyme A) | [ATP(0)] [NADH+H+(2)][FADH2 (0)]
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| Krebs Cycle (event:Acetyl group is completely used up | [ATP(2)] [(NADH)+(H+)(6)] [FADH2 (2)]
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| Rickets – | low vitamin D: Causes low Calcium absorption.Body can not absore Calcium so bones will get soft and brittle ( can result in Deformities
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| The key "fuel" used by body cells is_________ | Glucose.
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| The cells break this fuel molecule apart piece by peice. the hydrogen removed is combinded with____ to form____, while its carbon leaves the body in the form of ____gas | oxygen water Carbon Dioxide
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| the importance of this process is that it provides_____,a form of energy that the cells can use to power all their activities | ATP
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| For Carbohydrates to be oxidized, or burned for energy, they must first be broken down to___ | monosaccharides
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| When carbohydrates are unavailable to prime the metabolic pump, intermediate products of fat metabolism such as ___ and ___ accumulate in the blood, causing ___and low blood pH | acetoacetic acid, acetone ,ketosis
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| Amino acids that MUST be taken in the diet are called___amino acids. | essential
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| when amino acids are oxidized to form cellular energy, their amino groups are removed and liberated as ___ | ammonia
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| in the liver , this is combined with carbon dioxide to form___ which is removed from the body by the kidneys | urea
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| The most used substance for producing the energy- rich ATP | Carbohydrates
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| Important in building myelin sheaths and cell membranes? The second most important food source for making cellular energy? Form insulating deposits around body organs and beneath the skin? | Fats / lipids
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| Tend to be conserved by cells? used to make the bulk of cell structure and functional substances such as enzymes | Amino acids
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| bread/ pasta vegetables fruits | Examples of carbohydrate- rich foods in diet
🗑
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| fatty foods ingested in the normal diet include | Cheese/ cream
🗑
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| starch | the only important digestible polysaccharide
🗑
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| an indigestible polysaccharide that aids elimination because it adds bulk to the diet is | cellulose
🗑
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| cheese/cream, meat/fish | protein- rich foods include?
🗑
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| most examples of these nutrients, which are found largely in vegetables and fruits, are used as coenzymes | Vitamins
🗑
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| Minerals | include copper, iron, and sodium.
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| PKU= Phenylketonuria | Genetic disorder that causes problems with protein metabolism->Indiviual lacks the enzyme that converts the amino acid(phenylalanine) into tyrosine(another amino acid)
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