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The most used substance for producing the energy- rich ATP
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Important in building myelin sheaths and cell membranes
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Nutrients and metab
Nutrients used by body cells
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The most used substance for producing the energy- rich ATP | Carbohydrates |
| Important in building myelin sheaths and cell membranes | Fats |
| Tend to be conserved by cells | Amino acids |
| the second most important food source for making cellular energy | fats |
| form insulating deposits around body organs and beneath the skin | Fats |
| Used to make the bulk of cell structure and functional substances such as enzymes | amino acids |
| Examples of carbohydrate-rich food in the diet | Fruits,vegetables, breads/ pasta |
| Fatty foods ingested in the normal diet include | Cream and cheese |
| The only important digestible polysaccharide | Starch |
| An indigestible polysaccharide that aids elimination because it adds bulk to the diet is | Cellulose |
| protein- rich foods include ____and _____ | Cheese/cream, Meat/fish |
| most examples of these nutrients, which are found largely in vegetables and fruits, are used as coenzymes | Vitamins |
| Include copper, iron, and sodium | Minerals |
| Which of the oxidative phases does not require oxygen | Glycolysis |
| Which phases do require oxygen | Krebs cycle and the electron |
| In which form is chemical energy transferred from the first two phases to the third phase | in the form of hydrogen atoms bearing high energy electrons |
| which of the phases produces the largest amount of ATP | the electron transport chain |
| Which phase combines energetic H atoms with molecular oxygen | The electron trasport chain |
| When you eat food that contains carbohydrates, you break down the carbohydrates into a monosaccharide called? | glucose |
| If you don’t use this monosaccharide, your body can store it in the liver in the form of | glycogen |
| Order the steps of aerobic (cellular) respiration. Which step does NOT produce ATP? | 3 - Krebs Cycle 1 - Glycolysis 2 - Oxidation of Pyruvic acid (does NOT produce ATP) 4 - Electron Transport Chain (ETC) |
| Where in a cell does glycolysis occur? | In the cytosol |
| In glycolysis, a molecule of _________is split into two molecules of _________ | glucose, pyruvic acid |
| How much energy (ATP) is needed to start the process of glycolysis? | (2) ATP (1 in step #1 and 1 in step #3) |
| How much energy is produced? | (4) ATP |
| What is the net gain in energy? | (2) ATP |
| Four high energy electrons are transferred to what carrier molecule? | (NADH) + (H+) |
| What is the purpose of forming (NADH) + (H+)? | to store energy for use in the electron transport chain |
| What is a disadvantage of glycolysis? | (2) molecules of ATP are used up in this process |
| In order to produce energy, cells start with glycolysis. If oxygen is NOT present after glycolysis, what process occurs next? | Fermentation (production of lactic acid) |
| If oxygen IS present after glycolysis, what process occurs next? | Oxidation of pyruvic acid |
| A process that does NOT require oxygen is known as: | anaerobic |
| Why is the oxidation of pyruvic acid necessary? | Because pyruvic acid cannot enter the Krebs Cycle, so it must be converted into something that can |
| The first reaction involved in the oxidation of pyruvic acid is ____where a _____ molecule is removed from pyruvic acid. | decarboxylation, carbon dioxide |
| The second reaction is the______of pyruvic acid and simultaneously the reduction of NAD (which becomes ______ to produce an acetyl group. | oxidation NAD (which becomes (NADH)+(H+) after it is reduced |
| The acetyl group combines with ______ to produce acetyl CoA. | coenzyme A |
| Where does the Krebs cycle occur in a cell? | In the matrix of the mitochondria |
| At the beginning of the Krebs cycle, the acetyl group combines with___ to produce | oxaloacetic acid, citric acid. |
| How many ATP molecules are formed with each “turn” of the cycle? | (1) ATP |
| How many NADH + H+ molecules are formed with each “turn” of the cycle? | (3)NADH +(H+) |
| How many FADH2 molecules are formed with each “turn” of the cycle? | (1) FADH2 |
| Where do NADH + H+ and FADH2 come from? (Circle all that apply) | Glycolysis, Oxidation of pyruvic acid, Krebs cycle (all) |
| Where does the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) occur? | On the crista (folds) of the inner mitochondrial membrane |
| What is the source of electrons in the ETC? | they come from the reduced coenzymes (NADH + H+ and FADH2) |
| What molecule is the final acceptor of the electrons? | Oxygen |
| Electrons, the electron acceptor identified above, and H+ combine to form | H2O (water) |
| While electrons move along the electron carriers in the ETC, what happens to the H+? | they are pumped out of the matrix and into the intermembrane space |
| What charge builds up in the intermembrane space? | Positive charge |
| The enzyme_____uses the energy from the moving H+ to combine ADP and phosphate, forming high-energy | ATP synthase ATP |
| Every FADH2 molecule that enters the ETC will provide energy to create | (2) ATP. |
| Almost every NADH + H+ molecule that enters the ETC will provide energy to create | (3) ATP. |
| Why does FADH 2 produce fewer ATP molecules then HADH + H+ when it passes its electrons down the ETC? | because it carries lower energy electrons than (NADH)+(H+) |
| Oxaloacetic Acid->Acetyl Co A(goes in and back out as Co A)(+acetyl Group)->Citric Acid | Krebs Cycle |
| Glycolysis (event Glucose-> Pyruvic Acid) | [ATP(2)] [NADH+H+ (2)] [FADH2 (0)] |
| Oxidation of Pyruvic Acid(event Pyruvic Acid-> acetyl coenzyme A) | [ATP(0)] [NADH+H+(2)][FADH2 (0)] |
| Krebs Cycle (event:Acetyl group is completely used up | [ATP(2)] [(NADH)+(H+)(6)] [FADH2 (2)] |
| Rickets – | low vitamin D: Causes low Calcium absorption.Body can not absore Calcium so bones will get soft and brittle ( can result in Deformities |
| The key "fuel" used by body cells is_________ | Glucose. |
| The cells break this fuel molecule apart piece by peice. the hydrogen removed is combinded with____ to form____, while its carbon leaves the body in the form of ____gas | oxygen water Carbon Dioxide |
| the importance of this process is that it provides_____,a form of energy that the cells can use to power all their activities | ATP |
| For Carbohydrates to be oxidized, or burned for energy, they must first be broken down to___ | monosaccharides |
| When carbohydrates are unavailable to prime the metabolic pump, intermediate products of fat metabolism such as ___ and ___ accumulate in the blood, causing ___and low blood pH | acetoacetic acid, acetone ,ketosis |
| Amino acids that MUST be taken in the diet are called___amino acids. | essential |
| when amino acids are oxidized to form cellular energy, their amino groups are removed and liberated as ___ | ammonia |
| in the liver , this is combined with carbon dioxide to form___ which is removed from the body by the kidneys | urea |
| The most used substance for producing the energy- rich ATP | Carbohydrates |
| Important in building myelin sheaths and cell membranes? The second most important food source for making cellular energy? Form insulating deposits around body organs and beneath the skin? | Fats / lipids |
| Tend to be conserved by cells? used to make the bulk of cell structure and functional substances such as enzymes | Amino acids |
| bread/ pasta vegetables fruits | Examples of carbohydrate- rich foods in diet |
| fatty foods ingested in the normal diet include | Cheese/ cream |
| starch | the only important digestible polysaccharide |
| an indigestible polysaccharide that aids elimination because it adds bulk to the diet is | cellulose |
| cheese/cream, meat/fish | protein- rich foods include? |
| most examples of these nutrients, which are found largely in vegetables and fruits, are used as coenzymes | Vitamins |
| Minerals | include copper, iron, and sodium. |
| PKU= Phenylketonuria | Genetic disorder that causes problems with protein metabolism->Indiviual lacks the enzyme that converts the amino acid(phenylalanine) into tyrosine(another amino acid) |
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CifalaD
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