20th Century Composers.
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1882-1971 | Igor Stravinsky
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Studied under Rimsky-Korsakov | Stravinsky
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The Firebird ballet | Stravinsky
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Petrushka (ballet) | Stravinsky
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The Rite of Spring | Stravinsky
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one of his pieces incited a riot | Stravinsky (The Rite of Spring)
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Symphony of Psalms | Stravinsky
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Moved to Hollywood in 1940 | Stravinsky
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The Rake's Progress (opera) | Stravinsky
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Wrote an opera with libretto by W.H. Auden | Stravinsky
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Adopted twelve-tone system and composed the ballet Argon | Stravinsky
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Scherzo fantastique; Fireworks (orchestral works) | Stravinsky
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The Soldier's Tale (after World War I) | Stravinsky
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Rag-time; Piano Rag-Music | Stravinsky
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comic opera Mavra | Stravinsky
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Oedipus Rex; Persephone; Apollo (written for George Balanchine) | Stravinsky
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friends with Robert Craft | Stravinsky
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Buried in Venice (near Diaghliev's grave) | Stravinsky
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1874-1951 | Arnold Schoenberg
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Austrian pioneer of dodecaphony (twelve-tone system) | Schoenberg
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influenced by Wagner and Richard Strauss | Schoenberg
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Transfigured Night (for strings) | Schoenberg
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Sprechstimme | halfway between singing and speaking (German for "speech voice")
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Pierrot lunaire (a Sprechstimme piece) | Schoenberg
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his students: Alban Berg and Anton Webern | Schoenberg
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Moved from Berlin to L.A. in 1933 | Schoenberg
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A Survivor from Warsaw | Schoenberg
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Moses and Aaron (uncompleted opera) | Schoenberg
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taught at University of California at Los Angeles from 1936 to 1944 | Schoenberg
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String Trio | Schoenberg
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1913-1976 | Benjamin Britten
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Reviver of the opera in the U.K. | Britten
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Peter Grimes (story of a fisherman who kills two of his apprentices) | Britten
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Variations on a Theme of Frank Bridge (his composition teacher) | Britten
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wrote incidental music for works by his friend W.H. Auden | Britten
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worked with the tenor Peter Pears | Britten
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Founded the Aldeburgh Festival of Music | Britten
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Billy Budd; The Turn of the Screw; Death in Venice (operas) | Britten
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The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra | Britten
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War Requiem (based on poems by Wilfred Owen) | Britten
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Britten's first opera | Paul Bunyan
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The Rape of Lucretia; Alvert Herring | Britten
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based on part of The Borough by George Crabbe | Peter Grimes (by Britten)
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A Midsummer Night's Dream; Gloriana (to commemorate the coronation of Elizabeth II); Owen Wingrave | Britten
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Noye's Fludde; The Prodigal Son | Britten
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Elizabeth II made him Baron ____ of Aldeburgh | Britten
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1900-1990 | Aaron Copland
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first American student of Nadia Boulanger in Paris in the 1920s | Copland
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Organ Symphony; Music for the Theater | Copland
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El Salon Mexico | Copland
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Billy the Kid; Rodeo (ballets) | Copland
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Appalachian Spring (ballet featuring "Simple Gifts") | Copland
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Third Symphony (contains Fanfare for the Common Man) | Copland
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Lincoln Portrait (includes spken portions of Lincoln's writings) | Copland
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What to Listen For in Music (educational book) | Copland
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studied under Rubin Goldmark | Copland
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The Second Hurricane (opera for high school students) | Copland
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Of Mice and Men; Our Town (film scores) | Copland
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The Heiress (film score that won him the 1949 Academy Award for best dramatic film score) | Copland
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Connotations (commisioned for the opening of Lincoln Center in New York City); Inscape; Proclamation | Copland
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The New Music; Music and Imagination; ____ on Music (books) | Copland
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1891-1953 | Sergei Prokofiev
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First, or Classical Symphony | Prokofiev
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The Love for Three Oranges (opera) | Prokofiev
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Peter and the Wolf | Prokofiev
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Alexander Nevsky (cantata); Lieutenant Kije (suite) [film scores] | Prokofiev
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Died on the same day as Stalin, March 5 (outlived Stalin by a few hours) | Prokofiev
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Scythian Suite; The Prodigal Son | Prokofiev
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Chout (the Buffoon); Le Pas d'acier (The Steel Step) [ballets for Diaghilev] | Prokofiev
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Rome and Juliet (ballet); War and Peace (opera) | Prokofiev
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Censured for "excessive formalism" | Prokofiev
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Tale of a Real Man (opera) | Prokofiev
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His 7th Symphony won him the 1952 Stalin Prize | Prokofiev
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Died as rehearsals began for Tale of the Stone Flower (ballet) | Prokofiev
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1906-1975 | Dmitri Shostakovich
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The Nose; Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk (operas) | Shostakovich
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Leningrad Symphony | Shostakovich
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Received the Order of Lenin in 1956 | Shostakovich
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Awarded the Stalin prize several times; in 1966 became the first composer to receive the Hero of Socialist Labor award | Shostakovich
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Had a technical mastery of the orchestra; Used melodies reminscent of Gypsy (Romani) tunes popular in eastern Europe | Shostakovich
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1881-1945 | Bela Bartok
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Roamed the Hungarian countryside with Zoltan Kodaly, collecting peasant tunes | Bartok
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Duke Bluebeard's Castle (opera) | Bartok
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The Wooden Prince (ballet) | Bartok
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The Miraculous Mandarin (ballet) | Bartok
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Mikrokosmos | Bartok
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Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta | Bartok
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Kossuth (symphonic poem) | Bartok
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Concerto for Orchestra; Out of Doors | Bartok
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Dance Suite; Divertimento; Sonata for Two Pianos and Percussion | Bartok
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1887-1954 | Charles Ives
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His father, George, was a local Connecticut businessman and bandleader | Ives
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Studied music at Yale, but turned to insurance sales | Ives
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His insurance firm was the largest in New York during the 1910s | Ives
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Second Piano (Concord) Sonata (with movements named after Emerson, Hawthorne, Alcott, and Thoreau) | Ives
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Three Places in New England | Ives
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Won the 1947 Pulitzer Prize for his Third symphony | Ives
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"General William Booth Enters Into Heaven" (based on a poem by Vachel Lindsay) | Ives
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Variations on "America" (for organ) | Ives
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Holidays; Three Quarter-Tone Pieces; 114 Songs (symphonies) | Ives
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Essays Before a Sonata (writings) | Ives
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Married Harmony Twitchell | Ives
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1875-1937 | Maurice Ravel
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Rapsodie espagnole | Ravel
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Bolero | Ravel
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student of Gabriel Faure | Ravel
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Pavane for a Dead Princess | Ravel
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the French Conservatory overlooked him for the Prix de Rome four ties | Ravel
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Daphnis et Chloe (ballet) | Ravel
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Mother Goose; La Valse (ballet) | Ravel
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re-orchestrated Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition | Ravel
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his health declined after a 1932 taxi accident | Ravel
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unsuccessful brain surgery ended his life | Ravel
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Miroirs; Gaspard de la nuit | Ravel
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Fountains; Le Tombeau de Couperin; | Ravel
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The Child and the Enchantments | Ravel
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1898-1937 | George Gershwin
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worked with his older brother Ira | Gershwin
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Rhapsody in Blue | Gershwin
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Concerto in F for Piano and Orchestra | Gershwin
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Porgy and Bess (opera based on a story by DuBose Heyward) | Gershwin
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"Swanee" | Gershwin
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Of Thee I Sing (musical that was the first to win a Pulitzer Prize in drama [1931]) | Gershwin
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died of a brain tumor at age 38 | Gershwin
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Studied with Rubin Goldmark, Henry Cowell, Wallingford Rieger, and Joseph Schillinger | Gershwin
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George's White Sandals | Gershwin
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Lady Be Good | Gershwin
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Funny Face | Gershwin
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An American in Paris | Gershwin
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"The Man I Love"; "I Got Rhythm"; "Someone to Watch Over Me" | Gershwin
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1912-1992 | John Cage
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American student of Arnold Schoenberg and Henry Cowell | Cage
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Dada composer/aleatory or "chance" music | Cage
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Imaginary Landscape No 4 (used 12 radios tuned to different stations) | Cage
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4'33" (for piano) | Cage
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invented the "prepared piano" | Cage
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Credo in US | Cage
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collaborated with dancer Merce Cunningham | Cage
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Sonatas and Interludes (won him an award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters and a Guggenheim Fellowship) | Cage
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Music of Changes (chance music, using the book I Ching, or Book of Changes) | Cage
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Silence (book that chronicled the development of his thinking) | Cage
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HPSCHD (collaboration with Lejaren Hiller) | Cage
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Renga (included drawings by Thoreau) | Cage
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Apartment House 1776 (mixed-media piece for musicircus-two orcehstras and four vocalists) | Cage
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Europeras 1/2 (his first opera) | Cage
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1872-1958 | Ralph Vaughan Williams
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Revived the Tudor style and folk traditions in English music | Vaughan Williams
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Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis | Vaughan Williams
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Second (London) Symphony | Vaughan Williams
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First (Sea) Symphony; Third (Pastoral) Symphony; Seventh (sinfonia antarctica) | Vaughan Williams
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The Lark Ascending (based on a poem by George Meredith) | Vaughan Williams
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Sir John in Love (Shakesperarean opera featuring Fantasia on Greensleeves) | Vaughan Williams
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Hugh the Drover (opera) | Vaughan Williams
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The Pilgrim's Progress (opera) | Vaughan Williams
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Studied with Max Bruch and Maurice Ravel | Vaughan Williams
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Served as a music editor for the English Hymnal (book, as well as Songs of Praise and The Oxford Book of Carols) | Vaughan Williams
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Benedicite (Blessed Be) | Vaughan Williams
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Job: A Masque of Dancing | Vaughan Williams
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a setting of Riders to the Sea (by J.M. Synge, an Irish playwright) | Vaughan Williams
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Conducted at the Leith Hill Music Festival from 1909 to 1953 | Vaughan Williams
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1873-1943 | Sergei Rachmaninoff
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Twice turned down conductorship of the Boston Symphony Orchestra | Rachmaninoff
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C-Sharp Minor Prelude | Rachmaninoff
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Treated by hypnosis in 1901 | Rachmaninoff
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Second Piano Concerto (known as Rocky II) | Rachmaninoff
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The Isle of the Dead (symphonic poem) | Rachmaninoff
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Moved to the U.S. in 1917 | Rachmaninoff
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Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini | Rachmaninoff
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Took piano from his cousin Aleksander Siloti (who took from Franz Liszt) | Rachmaninoff
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Also studied with Anton Arensky, Sergey Taneyev, and Peter Tchaikovsky | Rachmaninoff
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Aleko (opera) | Rachmaninoff
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2nd Trio elegiaque (written in memory of Tchaikovsky) | Rachmaninoff
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Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom | Rachmaninoff
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The Bells (choral symphony based on the poem by Poe) | Rachmaninoff
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All-Night Vigil (Vesper Mass) | Rachmaninoff
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Variations on a Theme of Corelli | Rachmaninoff
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