Mature Erythrocyte
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| What stage of developing RBC is released from the bone marrow to finish production of hemoglobin? | Polychromatophilic erythrocyte
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| What is the cell membrane made of? | A lipid bilayer
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| The lipid bilayer is made up of what 3 major components? | Proteins - 52%
Lipids - 40%
Carbohydrates - 8%
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| The lipid portion of the cell membrane can be broken down into 3 types - what are they? | 1. Unesterified cholesterol
2. Phospholipids
3. Free fatty acids/glycolipids
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| The two types of proteins which make up the lipid bilayer are what? | Integral and peripheral proteins
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| What are the integral proteins' 2 subcategories? | 1. Glycophorins (A,B, and C)
2. Band 3
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| What are the 8 proteins of the cytoskeleton? | 1. Spectrin
2. Actin
3. Band 4.1
4. Ankyrin
5. Band 4.9
6. Adducin
7. Tropomyosin
8. Tropomodulin
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| The amount of cholesterol within the membrane depends directly on what? | The level of plasma cholesterol.
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| What does increased amounts plasma cholesterol cause? | An increase of viscosity of the membrane.
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| The backbone of the membrane is represented by _______? | Phospholipids
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| What contributes to the fluidity of the membrane? | Phospholipids
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| Antigenic structures of a cell membrane are determined by what? | Glycolipids
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| Peripheral proteins below the inner leaflet of the membrane help to influence the ________ of the membrane. | Deformability
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| M & N antigens can be found on which glycophorin? | Glycophorin A
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| Glycophorin B contains which antigens? | S and s
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| What is the role of Glycophorin C? | This is the site of gerbic antigens and also serves as a point of attachment of the cytoskeleton
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| Band 3 is a channel for which 2 anions? | Bicarbonate and Flouride
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| Which 2 integral proteins serve as a point of attachment for the cytoskeleton? | Glycophorin C and Band 3
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| Lattice work formed below the membrane to contribute towards structure is better known as what? | The cytoskeleton
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| What is the role of the protein spectrin? | This forms the alpha and beta chain dimer to eventually form tetramers to make the netting.
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| What is the role of the protein actin? | To bring and join dimers together
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| What 5 proteins have a part in the junctional complex of the cytoskeleton? | 1. Band 4.9
2. Tropomyosin
3. Adducin
4. Tropomodulin
5. Band 4.1
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| What is the role of the protein Band 4.1? | It plays a part in the junctional complex and also aids in the linkage of the cytoskeleton to Glycophorin C.
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| What is the role of the protein ankyrin? | Connects the dimer to band 3 with help from Band 4.2 (aka palladin)
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| Membrane permeability controls what? | Cell volume
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| What is the intracellular concentration of Na & K? | Na:15mmol/L and K:85mmol/L
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| What is the extracellular concentration of Na & K? | Na:140mmol/L and K:5mmol/L
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| The gradient of membrane permeability is maintained by the _______ pump? | ATPase
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| ______ Na leave the cell for every _____ K. | 2:1
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| Water follows (Sodium or Potassium). | Sodium
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| If a leakage of Na into the cell occurs we would see (decreased or increased) cell volume? | Increased
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| Calcium is found in (low or high) levels intracellularly? | Low
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| If Calcium were to leak into the cell, what aspect of that cell would change? What is this new form called? | The shape would no longer be biconcave. It would become an echinocyte.
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| What are the 4 pathways that control erythrocyte metabolism? | 1. Embden-Meyerhof Pathway
2. Hexose Monophosphate Shunt
3. Rapaport-Leubering Pathway
4. Methemoglobin Reductase Pathway
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| The Ebden-Myerhoff Pathway is also known as what? | Anaerobic glycolysis
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| How much ATP is produced at the end of the Ebden-Myerhoff pathway from 1 Glucose. | 1 Glucose = 2 ATP
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| What is the Ebden-Myerhoff pathway used to maintain? | ATPase pumps and the phosphorylation of membrane proteins.
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| The hexose monophosphate shunt pathway starts from the formation of what? | Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
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| What is the primary reaction of the hexose monophosphate shunt pathway? | NADP+ to NADPH
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| The reducing agent of the hexose monophosphate shunt pathway is ______? | Glutothion reductase
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| What is the role of the hexose monophosphate shunt pathway? | To prevent the formation of free radicals (Cysteine-S to Cysteine-SH)
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| If Cysteine-S is not reduced during the hexose monophosphate shunt pathway, what will occur? | The hemoglobin will be denatured and Heinz Bodies will be formed.
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| The plucking of Heinz bodies from a RBC will lead to what? | Shortened cell survival time and possible anemias.
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| The Rapaport-Leubring pathway ends in the production of what? | 23DPG
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| What is the role of 23DPG? | This increases the release of oxygen from hemoglobin and prevents it from being reabsorbed.
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| What is the role of the Methemoglobin Reductase pathway? | The use of NADH+ as a cofactor to reduce ferric iron to it's reduce ferrous state.
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| The (ferric or ferrous)form of iron is capable of carrying oxygen. | Ferrous
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| A build up of the ferric form of iron could lead to what condition? | Hypoxia
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| RBC Morphology is evaluated on what 5 criteria? | 1. Color
2. Size
3. Shape
4. Inclusions
5. Abnormal distribution patterns
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| The color of a cell is also known as the _____ of a cell? | Chromia
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| What is the color of a RBC representative of? | Hemoglobin content
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| 1/3 or less of the cell is an area of pallor. This would be considered _______? | Normochromic
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| If greater than 1/3 of the cell has an area of pallor, we would consider this cell to be _______? | Hypochromatic
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| When a cell is multi-colored we call it what? | Polychromatic
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| What is the normal size of a RBC? | 7-7.5 microns
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| A small RBC would be refered to as ______? A large RBC would be _______? | Microcytic; Macrocytic
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| Any change in shape (other than round) to a RBC is known as _______? | Poikilocytosis
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| What is a Howell-Jolly body? | A fragment of the nucleus
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| Describe basophilic stippling. | Purple/Black specks that are aggragated ribosomes.
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| What are pappenheimer bodies? | These are iron deposits
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| Reminants of spindle fibers left in a RBC would be called? | A Cabot Ring
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| What is the normal arrangement/distrubution of RBC? | A monolayer with a tendency not to aggregate.
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| This arrangement results from a increase in plasma protein and may appear as "stacked coins". | Rouleaux
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| Agglutination refers to what? | The clumping of RBC.
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| Autoantibodies would cause (Rouleaux or Agglutination) formation to occur? | Agglutination
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Created by:
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