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Exam 1 - part 5
Mature Erythrocyte
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What stage of developing RBC is released from the bone marrow to finish production of hemoglobin? | Polychromatophilic erythrocyte |
| What is the cell membrane made of? | A lipid bilayer |
| The lipid bilayer is made up of what 3 major components? | Proteins - 52% Lipids - 40% Carbohydrates - 8% |
| The lipid portion of the cell membrane can be broken down into 3 types - what are they? | 1. Unesterified cholesterol 2. Phospholipids 3. Free fatty acids/glycolipids |
| The two types of proteins which make up the lipid bilayer are what? | Integral and peripheral proteins |
| What are the integral proteins' 2 subcategories? | 1. Glycophorins (A,B, and C) 2. Band 3 |
| What are the 8 proteins of the cytoskeleton? | 1. Spectrin 2. Actin 3. Band 4.1 4. Ankyrin 5. Band 4.9 6. Adducin 7. Tropomyosin 8. Tropomodulin |
| The amount of cholesterol within the membrane depends directly on what? | The level of plasma cholesterol. |
| What does increased amounts plasma cholesterol cause? | An increase of viscosity of the membrane. |
| The backbone of the membrane is represented by _______? | Phospholipids |
| What contributes to the fluidity of the membrane? | Phospholipids |
| Antigenic structures of a cell membrane are determined by what? | Glycolipids |
| Peripheral proteins below the inner leaflet of the membrane help to influence the ________ of the membrane. | Deformability |
| M & N antigens can be found on which glycophorin? | Glycophorin A |
| Glycophorin B contains which antigens? | S and s |
| What is the role of Glycophorin C? | This is the site of gerbic antigens and also serves as a point of attachment of the cytoskeleton |
| Band 3 is a channel for which 2 anions? | Bicarbonate and Flouride |
| Which 2 integral proteins serve as a point of attachment for the cytoskeleton? | Glycophorin C and Band 3 |
| Lattice work formed below the membrane to contribute towards structure is better known as what? | The cytoskeleton |
| What is the role of the protein spectrin? | This forms the alpha and beta chain dimer to eventually form tetramers to make the netting. |
| What is the role of the protein actin? | To bring and join dimers together |
| What 5 proteins have a part in the junctional complex of the cytoskeleton? | 1. Band 4.9 2. Tropomyosin 3. Adducin 4. Tropomodulin 5. Band 4.1 |
| What is the role of the protein Band 4.1? | It plays a part in the junctional complex and also aids in the linkage of the cytoskeleton to Glycophorin C. |
| What is the role of the protein ankyrin? | Connects the dimer to band 3 with help from Band 4.2 (aka palladin) |
| Membrane permeability controls what? | Cell volume |
| What is the intracellular concentration of Na & K? | Na:15mmol/L and K:85mmol/L |
| What is the extracellular concentration of Na & K? | Na:140mmol/L and K:5mmol/L |
| The gradient of membrane permeability is maintained by the _______ pump? | ATPase |
| ______ Na leave the cell for every _____ K. | 2:1 |
| Water follows (Sodium or Potassium). | Sodium |
| If a leakage of Na into the cell occurs we would see (decreased or increased) cell volume? | Increased |
| Calcium is found in (low or high) levels intracellularly? | Low |
| If Calcium were to leak into the cell, what aspect of that cell would change? What is this new form called? | The shape would no longer be biconcave. It would become an echinocyte. |
| What are the 4 pathways that control erythrocyte metabolism? | 1. Embden-Meyerhof Pathway 2. Hexose Monophosphate Shunt 3. Rapaport-Leubering Pathway 4. Methemoglobin Reductase Pathway |
| The Ebden-Myerhoff Pathway is also known as what? | Anaerobic glycolysis |
| How much ATP is produced at the end of the Ebden-Myerhoff pathway from 1 Glucose. | 1 Glucose = 2 ATP |
| What is the Ebden-Myerhoff pathway used to maintain? | ATPase pumps and the phosphorylation of membrane proteins. |
| The hexose monophosphate shunt pathway starts from the formation of what? | Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase |
| What is the primary reaction of the hexose monophosphate shunt pathway? | NADP+ to NADPH |
| The reducing agent of the hexose monophosphate shunt pathway is ______? | Glutothion reductase |
| What is the role of the hexose monophosphate shunt pathway? | To prevent the formation of free radicals (Cysteine-S to Cysteine-SH) |
| If Cysteine-S is not reduced during the hexose monophosphate shunt pathway, what will occur? | The hemoglobin will be denatured and Heinz Bodies will be formed. |
| The plucking of Heinz bodies from a RBC will lead to what? | Shortened cell survival time and possible anemias. |
| The Rapaport-Leubring pathway ends in the production of what? | 23DPG |
| What is the role of 23DPG? | This increases the release of oxygen from hemoglobin and prevents it from being reabsorbed. |
| What is the role of the Methemoglobin Reductase pathway? | The use of NADH+ as a cofactor to reduce ferric iron to it's reduce ferrous state. |
| The (ferric or ferrous)form of iron is capable of carrying oxygen. | Ferrous |
| A build up of the ferric form of iron could lead to what condition? | Hypoxia |
| RBC Morphology is evaluated on what 5 criteria? | 1. Color 2. Size 3. Shape 4. Inclusions 5. Abnormal distribution patterns |
| The color of a cell is also known as the _____ of a cell? | Chromia |
| What is the color of a RBC representative of? | Hemoglobin content |
| 1/3 or less of the cell is an area of pallor. This would be considered _______? | Normochromic |
| If greater than 1/3 of the cell has an area of pallor, we would consider this cell to be _______? | Hypochromatic |
| When a cell is multi-colored we call it what? | Polychromatic |
| What is the normal size of a RBC? | 7-7.5 microns |
| A small RBC would be refered to as ______? A large RBC would be _______? | Microcytic; Macrocytic |
| Any change in shape (other than round) to a RBC is known as _______? | Poikilocytosis |
| What is a Howell-Jolly body? | A fragment of the nucleus |
| Describe basophilic stippling. | Purple/Black specks that are aggragated ribosomes. |
| What are pappenheimer bodies? | These are iron deposits |
| Reminants of spindle fibers left in a RBC would be called? | A Cabot Ring |
| What is the normal arrangement/distrubution of RBC? | A monolayer with a tendency not to aggregate. |
| This arrangement results from a increase in plasma protein and may appear as "stacked coins". | Rouleaux |
| Agglutination refers to what? | The clumping of RBC. |
| Autoantibodies would cause (Rouleaux or Agglutination) formation to occur? | Agglutination |
Created by:
AshleySchutz
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