DSST Computers #11
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| 4GL | Fourth-generation language. Nonprocedural language that enables users and programmers to access data in a database.
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| Ajax, Asynchronous JavaScript and XML | Method of creating interactive Web applications designed to provide immediate response to user requests.
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| Analysis phase | Step in system development that consists of two major activities: (1) conduct a preliminary investigation, and (2) perform detailed analysis.
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| API | Application programming interface; collection of tools that programmers use to interact with an environment such as a Web site or operating system.
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| Application generator | Program that creates source code or machine code from a specification of the required functionality.
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| Assembly language | Programming language in which a programmer writes instructions using symbolic instruction codes.
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| ATOM | XML application that content aggregators use to distribute content to subscribers.
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| Benchmark test | Test that measures the performance of hardware or software.
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| C | Programming language developed in the early 1970s at Bell Laboratories used for business and scientific applications.
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| Case control structure | Type of selection control structure that can yield one of three or more possibilities
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| COBOL | Common Business-Oriented Language. Programming language designed for business applications, which evolved out of a joint effort between the United States government, businesses, and major universities in the early 1960s.
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| Compiler | Separate program that converts an entire source program into machine language before executing it.
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| Computer program | Series of instructions that directs a computer to perform tasks
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| Computer security plan | Written summary of all the safeguards that are in place to protect an organization's information assets.
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| computer-aided software engineering (CASE) | Software tools designed to support one or more activities of system development, typically including diagrams to support both process and object modeling.
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| Control structure | Used during program design, a depiction of the logical order of program instructions. Also called a construct.
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| Custom software | Software that performs functions specific to a business or industry, developed by a user or at a user's request.
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| Design phase | Phase of the system development cycle that consists of two major activities: (1) if necessary, acquire hardware and software and (2) develop all of the details of the new or modified information system.
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| Direct conversion | Conversion strategy where the user stops using an old system and begins using a new system on a certain date. Also called abrupt cutover.
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| Documentation | Collection and summarization of data and information.
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| Dreamweaver | Web page authoring program by Adobe Systems that allows Web developers to create, maintain, and manage professional Web sites
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| dynamic HTML (DHTML) | Type of HTML that allows Web developers to include more graphical interest and interactivity in a Web page.
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| e-zine | Publication available on the Web. Also called electronic magazine.
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| Electronic magazine | Publication available on the Web. Also called e-zine.
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| Expression Web | Microsoft's Web page authoring program that enables Web developers to create professional, dynamic, interactive Web sites.
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| Feasibility | Measure of how suitable the development of a system will be to the organization.
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| Feasibility study | Investigation that determines the exact nature of a problem or improvement and decides whether it is worth pursuing.
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| Flash | Web page authoring program by Adobe Systems that enables Web developers to combine interactive content with text, graphics, audio, and video.
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| Focus groups | Lengthy, structured, group meetings in which users and IT professionals work together to design or develop an application. See also joint application design (JAD).
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| HTML | Hypertext Markup Language. Special formatting language that programmers use to format documents for display on the Web.
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| IDE (integrated development environment) | Includes program development tools for building graphical user interfaces, an editor for entering program code, a compiler and/or interpreter, and a debugger.
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| Implementation phase | Phase of system development during which the new or modified system is constructed, or built, and then delivered to the users. Four major activities performed include: (1) develop programs, (2) install and test the new system, (3) train users, and (4) con
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| Information system (IS) | Collection of hardware, software, data, people, and procedures that work together to produce quality information.
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| Interpreter | Program used to convert a source program into machine language and then executes the machine language instructions.
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| Java | Object-oriented programming language developed by Sun Microsystems.
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| JavaScript | Interpreted language that allows a programmer to add dynamic content and interactive elements to a Web page.
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| Joint-application design (JAD) | Lengthy, structured, group meetings in which users and IT professionals work together to design or develop an application. See also focus groups.
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| Machine language | The only language a computer directly recognizes, using a series of binary digits or a combination of numbers and letters that represent binary digits.
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| Maintaining | Act of correct errors or adding enhancements to an existing program.
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| Multimedia authoring software | Software that allows users to combine text, graphics, audio, video, and animation in an interactive application and that often is used for computer-based training and Web-based presentations.
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| Nonprocedural language | Type of programming language in which a programmer writes English-like instructions or interacts with a graphical environment to retrieve data from files or a database.
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| object-oriented programming (OOP) | language Programming language used to implement an object-oriented design.
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| operation, support, and security phase | Phase of system development that consists of three major activities: (1) perform maintenance activities, (2) monitor system performance, and (3) assess system security.
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| Outsource | Having a source outside a company develop software for the company. Some companies outsource just the software development aspect of their IT operation, while others outsource more or all of their IT operation.
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| Packaged software | Mass-produced, copyrighted, prewritten software available for purchase.
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| Parallel conversion | Conversion strategy where the old system runs alongside the new system for a specified time.
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| Per | l Practical Extraction and Report Language. Scripting language developed at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory as a procedural language similar to C and C++.
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| Phased conversion | Conversion strategy used by larger systems with multiple sites where each location converts at a separate time.
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| Phases | Categories into which system development activities are grouped: (1) planning phase, (2) analysis phase, (3) design phase, (4) implementation phase, and (5) support phase.
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| PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor | Free, open source scripting language.
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| Pilot conversion | Conversion strategy where only one location in a company uses a new system - so it can be tested.
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| Planning phase | Step in system development that begins when a steering committee receives a project request.
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| PowerBuilder | Powerful program development tool developed by Sybase that is best suited for Web-based, .NET, and large-scale enterprise object-oriented applications.
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| Preliminary investigation | Investigation that determines the exact nature of a problem or improvement and decides whether it is worth pursuing. Also called feasibility study.
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| Procedural language | Type of programming language in which a programmer writes instructions that tell the computer what to accomplish and how to do it using a series of English-like words to write instructions. Often called a third-generation language (3GL).
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| Program development | Series of steps programmers use to build computer programs.
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| Program development life cycle (PDLC) | Part of the implementation phase of the system development cycle that follows six steps: (1) analyze the requirements, (2) design the solution, (3) validate the design, (4) implement the design, (5) test the solution, and (6) document the solution.
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| Program development tool | Program that provides a user-friendly environment for building programs.
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| Programmer | Person who writes and modifies computer programs. Also called a developer.
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| Programming language | Set of words, abbreviations, and symbols that enables a programmer to communicate instructions to a computer.
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| Programming team | A group of programmers that may develop programs during the program development cycle.
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| Project leader | Member of a project team who manages and controls the budget and schedule of the project.
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| Project management | Process of planning, scheduling, and then controlling the activities during system development.
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| Project management software | Software that assists in the planning, scheduling, and controlling of development projects.
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| Project manager | Member of a project team who controls the activities during system development.
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| Project request | Written, formal request for a new or modified system. Also called a request for system services.
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| Prototype | Working model of a proposed system.
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| RAD Rapid application development. | Method of developing software in which a programmer writes and implements a program in segments instead of waiting until an entire program is completed.
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| Repetition control structure | Type of control structure that enables a program to perform one or more actions repeatedly as long as a certain condition is met. Also called a loop.
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| RSS 2.0 | Really Simple Syndication; specification that content aggregators use to distribute content to subscribers.
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| Scope | The goal, required activities, time estimates for each activity, cost estimates for each activity, order of activities, and activities that can take place at the same time during system development.
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| Scripting language | Interpreted language that typically is easy to learn and use.
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| Selection control structure | Type of control structure that tells the program which action to take, based on a certain condition.
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| Sequence control structure | Type of control structure that shows one or more actions following each other in order.
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| SharePoint designer | Web page authoring program that is part of the Microsoft Office and SharePoint families of products.
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| Source program | Program that contains the language instructions, or code, to be converted to machine language.
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| SQL | Query language used with databases that allows users to manage, update, and retrieve data.
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| Standards | Sets of rules and procedures an organization expects employees to accept and follow.
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| Steering committee | Decision-making body in a company.
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| System | Set of components that interact to achieve a common goal.
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| System development | Set of activities used to build an information system, including planning, analysis, design, implementation, and support.
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| System development life cycle (SDLC) | Collection of phases in system development.
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| System proposal | Document that assesses the feasibility of each alternative solution and then recommends the most feasible solution for a project.
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| Systems analyst | Person responsible for designing and developing an information system. Also called a system developer.
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| Third generation language (3GL) | Type of programming language in which a programmer writes instructions that tell the computer what to accomplish and how to do it using a series of English-like words to write instructions. Also called a procedural language.
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| Training | Showing users exactly how they will use new hardware and software in a system.
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| Users | Anyone for whom the system is being built.
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| Value-added reseller (VAR) | Company that purchases products from manufacturers and then resells these products to the public - offering additional services with the product.
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| VBScript | Visual Basic, Scripting Edition. Subset of the Visual Basic language that allows programmers to add intelligence and interactivity to Web pages.
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| Visual programming environment (VPE) | Graphical interface in a visual programming language that allows programmers to drag and drop objects to develop programs.
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| Visual programming language | Programming language that uses a visual or graphical interface for creating all source code.
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| Web page authoring software | Software used to create Web pages that include graphical images, video, audio, animation, and other special effects with interactive content.
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| Web page authors | Designers of Web pages.
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| WML | Wireless markup language. Subset of XML that allows Web page authors to design pages specifically for microbrowsers.
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| XHTML | eXtensible HTML. Markup language that enables Web sites to be displayed more easily on microbrowsers in smart phones and other personal mobile devices.
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| XML Extensible Markup Language | format for sharing data that allows Web developers to create customized tags, as well as use predefined tags, used for developing a single Web site whose content can be formatted to display appropriately on various devices.
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