Honors History 9th grade
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Oregon Country | heard about in 1800s. Huge area beyond Rocky Mountains. Today- Oregon, Washington, Idaho, parts of Montana, Wyoming, and Canada. Varied geography attracted farmers and trappers. Pacific Coast=fertile soil. Mild temperatures all year, rainfall is plen
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| Mountain Men | adventurous men who hiked through Oregon’s vast forests, trapping animals and living off the land. Rugged individualists, follow independent course in life, colorful appearance. Shoulder length hair, tomahawks and pistols hung from their waists. Harsh
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| Oregon Trail | started in 1843. Wagons left in spring. Independence, Missouri to Oregon. 2,000 miles in 5 months. May-October
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| Missionaries | first white Americans to build permanent homes in
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| Rendezvous | get togethers
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| Stephen Austin | led settlers into Texas (4,000 Mexicans) with fathers land grant from Spain
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| Mexico enforced laws in 1830 | no slavery/no more Americans/had to worship in Catholic Church
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| Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna | came to power in 1833 in Mexico. 2 years later he threw out constitution (military dictator)
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| Tejanos | Mexicans who lived in Texas and supported Americans. Wanted to be rid of Santa Anna
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| Republic of Texas | new nation led by Sam Houston (commander of army)
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| Alamo | old Spanish Mission. 1835-1836. Supplies of ammunition and medicine were low. Beef/corn/water. 150 Texans against 6,000 Mexicans
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| Siege | enemy forces try to capture a city or fort, usually by surrounding and bombarding it
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| Battle of San Jacinto | 18 minutes. Texans killed 630 Mexicans and wounded 700. Captured Santa Anna and made him sign treaty which he didn’t go by when they let him go
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| Lone Star Republic | independent nation. Sam Houston as Pres.
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| Annex | add on White southerners- in favor of annex/Northerners- against (slavery)
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| New Mexico Territory | entire southwest that belonged to Mexico in 1840s. Arizona/New Mexico, Colorado (part) - all of Nevada and Utah Mission life for Native Americans: forced to work on missions by soldiers. Herded sheep and cattle, raised crops. In return, they lived ther
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| Manifest Destiny | belief that the United States was clearly meant to expand to the Pacific (superior to N.A. and Mexicans) 1844 election: Whigs-Clay (opposed annexation of TX),
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| James K. Polk | Democratic nominee (favored expansion, WINS) 54, 40 or fight
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| Mexican War | 20 months, achieved Manifest Destiny. 1845- Texas was annexed because Sam Houston pretended he would sign with Britain (enemy)
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| Winfield Scott | landed another American army at the Mexican port of Veracruz. After a long battle, Americans took the city and continued toward Mexico City (capital)
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| Chapultepec | a fort outside Mexico City, Mexicans made a heroic last battle
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| Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo | 1848, forced Mexico to give all of California and New Mexico to the United States.
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| Cede | to give
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| Mexican cession | all of California and New Mexico given to US. In return, US paid Mexico $15 million and agreed to respect the rights of Spanish speaking people in the Mexican cession. 1853- US paid Mexico $10 million for a strip of land in Arizona and New Mexico (Gadsde
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| Mormons | largest group of settlers to move into the Mexican Cession. They belonged to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
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| Joseph Smith | founded that church (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints). Killed by angry mob in 1844
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| Brigham Young | new leader of Mormons. Moved them to valley near Utah and Rockies
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| Gold Rush in California | at Sutter’s Mill, people came from Europe, China, Australia, and South America. 80,000+
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| Forty-niners | people who made the journey to California in 1849
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| Vigilantes | self-appointed law enforcers dealt out punishment even though they had no legal power to do so. Lynched (hanged without legal trial)
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| Elias Howe | patented a sewing machine
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| John Deere | invented a lightweight steel plow
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| Cyrus McCormick | opened a factory in Chicago that produced mechanical reapers
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| Samuel F.B. Morse | telegraph
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| Telegraph | “talking wire”, device that sent electrical signals along a wire
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| Locomotive | steam-powered engine to pull rail cars. Became railroads, stronger bridges/roadbeds, safer, quieter, mostly in North and West. Caused farmers to leave jobs and turn to manufacturing and trade
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| John Griffiths | launched the Rainbow
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| Clipper Ships | Rainbow was first, tall masts/huge sails, fast! Steamships were faster and created by Britain in 1850s. Factory days- 4am started work, 730 breakfast, noon lunch, ended at 730 pm. Hazards: blistering heat, freezing, machines were dangerous,
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| Trade Unions | formed first by artisans. Called for shorter workday, higher wages, and better working conditions.
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| Strikes | union workers refused to do their jobs to get their demands met
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| Sarah Bagley | organized the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association
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| Nativists | wanted to preserve the country for native born, white citizens
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| Know Nothing Party | formed by nativists in 1850s.
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| Eli Whitney | created cotton gin
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| Cotton gin | cleaned cotton of seeds
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| Discrimination | a policy or attitude that denies equal rights to certain groups of people
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| Cotton Kingdom | South Carolina though Alabama and Mississippi to Texas. Area that southerners expanded to get good soil for cotton. 8% owned 5 or more slaves. 8% owned 1-4 slaves. 50% whites who owned no slaves. 2% free African Americans
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| Slave Codes | laws to keep slaves from either running away or rebelling: forbidden to gather in groups of more than 3, could not leave owner’s land without pass, not allowed to own guns, crime to read or write, not able to attend trial
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| Extended family | grandparents, parents, children, aunts, uncles, and cousins formed tight knit group
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| Denmark Vesey | free, planned revolt in 1822, he and 35 other executed because betrayed
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| Nat Turner | in 1831, preacher, led major revolt, killed more than 57 whites
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| Social Reform | an organized attempt to improve what is unjust or imperfect in society
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| Predestination | God decided in advance which people would gain salvation in heaven
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| Second Great Awakening | religious movement, free will rather than predestination. Individuals could chose by their own actions to save their own souls
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| Dorothea Dix | Boston schoolteacher, visited jails to help the mentally ill get better treatment, penal system as well
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| Penal System | system of prisons
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| Prison Reform | people were in jail for being in debt and couldn’t get out to make money. Eventually not treated as criminals. Minor crimes were given lesser sentences. People starved if food was low and guards sold rum and meals
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| Temperance movement | campaign against alcohol abuse
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| “Demon rum” | would lead to wife beating, child abuse, and breakup of families. Women led
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| Education | teachers poorly paid and trained, few students went to school, crowded into single room. 1820s- Required to have grade schools
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| American Colonization Society | set up by Americans as an independent colony in Africa for freed slaves in 1817 (Liberia)
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| Abolitionists | wanted to end slavery in the United States completely
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| Frederick Douglass | first African American abolitionist. Born into slavery in MA, taught himself to read
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| William Lloyd Garrison | most outspoken white abolitionist. The Liberator- newspaper. Helped found NE anti-slavery society
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| Grimke sisters | Angelina and Sarah- daughters of wealthy slaveholder, gave lectures opposing slavery and worked for women’s rights
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| Underground Railroad | network of abolitionists who secretly helped slaves reach freedom in the North or Canada
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| Harriet Tubman | escaped slave, led more than 300 slaves to freedom. “Black Moses”
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| Sojourner Truth | escaped slave, Isabella Baumfree, spoke out for women’s rights
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| Elizabeth Cady Stanton | women’s rights speaker, father- no encouragement
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| Seneca Falls Convention | in NY, 1848, 200 women and 40 men. D.O.S. (below) presented at meeting. Demanded equality for women at school, work, and in church
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| Declaration of Sentiments | modeled after Declaration of Independence
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| Missouri Compromise | proposed by Clay, admitting Missouri as slave state and Maine as a free states. 36’30N- slavery banned north of line except Missouri
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| Wilmot Proviso | David Wilmot- ban slavery in any lands won from Mexico
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| Sectionalism | loyalty to a state or section, rather than to a country as a whole
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| Popular sovereignty | control by the people
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| Free Soil Party | Whig and Democratic parties joined who opposed slavery. Wanted to keep it out of western territory
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| Election of 1848 | -Free Soil candidate- Martin Van Buren (ban slavery in Mexican Cession) -Democrat candidate- Lewis Cass (popular sovereignty) -Whigs candidate- Zachary Taylor (assumed slave supporter) -Taylor won
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| Secede | remove themselves
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| Fugitive | runaway
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| Stephen Douglas | senator from Illinois, took over for Clay.
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| Compromise of 1850 | Clay’s plan. 5 parts. 1-California to enter the Union as a free state. 2- Divided the rest of the Mexican Cession into the territories of New Mexico and Utah, slavery decided by popular sovereignty. 3- Ended slave trade in Washington, D.C. 4- Stricte
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| Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 | required all citizens to help catch runaway slaves. People who didn’t could be fined $1,000 and jailed for 6 months. Judges paid more for accusing slave
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| Harriet Beecher Stowe | published Uncle Tom’s Cabin- showed evils of slavery and the injustice of the Fugitive Slave Law
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| Kansas-Nebraska Act | Territory be divided into Kansas and Nebraska and each decide issue of slavery by popular sovereignty
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| Repeal | undo
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| Border Ruffians | from South- rode across the border and battled the antislavery forces in Kansas
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| John Brown | abolitionist, rode to Pottawatomie Creek and murdered 5 proslavery settlers
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| Bleeding Kansas | Kansas territory where 200 people were killed over slavery
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| Charles Sumner | leading abolitionist senator, (criticized Andrew Butler)
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| Dred Scott Case | moved to Wisconsin where slavery was not allowed then back to Missouri. Filed lawsuit that he lived in a free territory and was a free man. Supreme Court ruled against him because he was ‘property’
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| Republican party | made up of Free Soilers, northern Democrats and antislavery Whigs
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| James Buchanan | from PA, won his election with out voters from the south
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| Abraham Lincoln | a republican, became president in 1860
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| John Brown’s Raid | led followers to Harper’s Ferry, VA. Planned to raid an arsenal and thought blacks would show up to help but he was stopped by Lee. He was sentenced to death
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| Arsenal | gun warehouse
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| Election of 1860 | Northern Democrats- Stephen Douglas. Southern Democrats- John Breckinridge of Kentucky. Constitutional Union Party- John Bell of TN, Whig. Wanted to keep the union together. Lincoln won the election
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| Crittenden’s Compromise | extended Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific, create “unamendable” amendment that states south of compromise line had the right to hold slaves
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| Confederate States of America | formed by seceded states (SC, AL, FL, GA, LA, Mississippi, TX)
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| Jefferson Davis | first President of Confederacy
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| Fort Sumter | was important to the Confederacy because it guarded Charleston Harbor, SC. Anderson surrendered in 1861
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| Racism | belief that one race is superior to another
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| Border states | Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland. Slave states that remained in the Union
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| Martial law | rule by the army instead of the elected government
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| Martial law strengths & weaknesses | SOUTH: Defending homeland, life (S), Best officers (S), Few factories to produce weapons and supplies (W), Railroads didn’t connect to one another plus had few railroads (W), Political problems (favored state rights) (W), Small population- 9 million 1/3
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| Union States | OR, CA, MN, KS, Iowa, WI, MI, IN, IL, OH, PA, NY, NJ, CT, RI, MA, NH, VT, Maine, Missouri, Kentucky, West Virginia, Maryland, Delaware
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| Confederate States | TX, LA, MS, AL, GA, FL, SC, AR, TN, NC, VA
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| Robert E. Lee | commander of Confederate army
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| Strategies | NORTH: Use naval power to cripple south’s economy and invade southern territory with armies, block southern ports (trade with Europe). Wanted to seize Richmond, VA, confederate capital. Get control of Mississippi River- keep south from getting goods
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| Battle of Bull Run | VA, South (Jackson) showed both sides needed training and war was going to be long and bloody
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| Stonewall Jackson | got his name from Battle of Bull Run, Confederate commander
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| Ironclad ship | ships covered in iron
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| Monitor (north) vs. Merrimack (south) | Hampton Roads, VA. Draw
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| Battle of Antietam | Lee vs. McClellan, S lost battle plans, North claimed victory
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| Battle of Fredericksburg | VA, Lee vs. Burnside, one of the Union’s worst defeats
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| Battle of Chancellorsville | VA, Lee, Confederate victory, tragedy- shot Jackson by accident
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| Grant | captured Fort Henry/Donelson- helped to capture MS River, eventually becomes commander of Union army
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| Battle of Shiloh | Grant, Union victory
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| Emancipate | free
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| Emancipation Proclamation | declared that on January 1, 1863, all slaves in a state still in rebellion to the Union would be freed
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| Discrimination | denying the same rights and treatment as others
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| 54th Massachusetts Regiment | most famous African American troop, attacked Fort Wagner, showed courage even though the troop was mostly wiped out
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| Civilians | people who were not in the army
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| Copperheads | northerners who opposed using force to keep the South in the Union
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| Draft | required all able bodied males between 20 and 45 to serve in the military if they were called
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| Habeas corpus | right to have charges filed or hearing before being jailed
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| Income tax | tax on people’s earnings
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| Inflation | a rise in prices and a decrease in the value of money
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| Profiteers | charged excessive prices for goods the government desperately needed for the war
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| Profiteers Effects on NORTH | -helped economy, farm production went up. -inflation/income tax
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| Profiteers Effects on SOUTH | Income tax/tax-in-kind/inflation. damaged cotton trade. Blockade created shortages of food, weapons
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| Nursing | women on both sides worked as nurses
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| Siege | military blockade for an enemy town or position in order to force it to surrender
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| Vicksburg | on MS River, surrendered to Union
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| Gettysburg | 3 day battle, horrible loss by Confederates
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| Gettysburg Address | 3 minute speech, said that the Civil War was a test of whether or not a democratic nation could survive
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| Total War | civilians as well as soldiers are affected
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| Sheridan | Shenandoah Valley, destroyed farms and livestock
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| Sherman | captured/burned Atlanta, Georgia. Destroy everything useful to the south, ripped up railroad tracks, tore up fields, burned barns, homes, and factories
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| Election of 1864 | Democrats- McClellan . Lincoln is reelected, close race
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| Appomattox Court house | on April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered
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| Effects of the War | 360,000 Union soldiers killed/ 250,000 Confederates. Southern land was destroyed
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| Postwar Problems | NORTH: Economic problems- soldiers needed jobs. Boom times quickly returned, land was not destroyed. SOUTH: 2/3 of railroad tracks had been ruined. Cities/houses/barns/fields were burned. Wrecked financial system- never repaid people, banks closed
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| freedmen | men and women who had been slaves
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| Reconstruction | refers to the rebuilding of the South after the Civil War
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| Ten Percent Plan | a southern state could form a new government after 10% of its voters swore an oath of loyalty to the United States, government then had to abolish slavery
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| Amnesty | government pardon
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| Wade-Davis Bill | rival plan for Reconstruction. Required a majority of white men in each southern state to swear loyalty to the Union. Denied right to vote or hold office to anyone who fought in the Confederacy
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| Freedmen’s Bureau | gave food and clothing to former slaves. It tried to find jobs for freedmen. Helped poor whites by providing medical care for more than one million people. Set up schools for freed slaves
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| John Wilkes Booth | actor from the South, assassinated Lincoln at Ford’s Theater, captured and killed in a barn
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| Andrew Johnson | VP, became President, was governor of TN but remained loyal to the Union
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| 13th amendment | abolish slavery
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| 14th amendment | granted all citizenship to anyone born in the US
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| 15th amendment | forbade any state to deny African Americans the right to vote because of their race
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| Black Codes | laws that severely limited the rights of freedmen
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| Radical Republicans | opposed Johnson, wanted to make own plan for the south
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| Radical | wants to make drastic changes in society
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| Election of 1866 | Johnson (didn’t want 14th amendment or radical republicans). Republicans won majorities of both houses in Congress
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| Radical Reconstruction | period that followed of Republicans in Congress taking charge of Reconstruction
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| Reconstruction Act | threw out southern state governments that refused to ratify 14th amendment, divided south into 5 military districts under army control. Required southern states to write new constitutions and ratify 14th, African Americans must be allowed to vote
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| Impeach | to bring formal charges of wrongdoing against an elected official
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| Grant | became President in 1868
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| Scalawags | white southern Republicans
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| Carpetbaggers | northerners who moved south after the war
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| Conservatives | white southerners who resisted Reconstruction and wanted the south to change as little as possible
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| KKK | Ku Klux Klan, white southerners secret society who worked to keep blacks and white Republicans out of office
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| Sharecroppers | farmed the land, using seed, fertilizer, and tools provided by the planter. The planter got a share of the crop at harvest time
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| Cycle of poverty | slaves ended up working for old masters, farmers lost their land and worked as sharecroppers along with slaves
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| Amnesty Act | restored the right to vote to nearly all white southerners
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| Election of 1876 | Democrats- Samuel Tilden. Republican- Rutherford B. Hayes. Hayes- won election over disputed votes given to him, South didn’t object because he secretly agreed to end Reconstruction. Industries: 90% of tobacco industry, oil refineries developed, lumber
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| Poll taxes | required voters to pay a fee each time they voted
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| Literacy tests | required voters to read and explain a section of the Constitution
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| Grandfather clauses | if a voter’s father or grandfather was eligible to vote in 1867, the voter did not have to take a literacy test
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| Segregation | separating people of different races in public places
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| Plessy vs. Ferguson | Supreme Court ruled that segregation was legal as long as facilities for blacks and whites were equal
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| Lynching | illegal seizure and execution of someone by a mob
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| Indians way of life | rich and varied cultures. well organized religions, made fine handicrafts, and created poetry. each nation had its own language. agriculture was main food source (semi permanent villages). buffalo hunting replaced farming when they got horses
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| Uses for buffalo | Food, clothing, and shelter. Buffalo meat- main item in diet . Dried meat-jerky. Leather (hide), cloth (fur), horns and bones (tools and toys), sinews (thread or bowstrings)
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| Boom towns | started out with tents, replaced by houses, hotels, restaurants to supply miners, most lasted a few years
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| Ghost town | former boom town that was abandoned because there was no longer gold or silver
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| Vigilantes | self appointed law enforcers who tracked down outlaws and punished them, usually without a trial
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| Subsidy | financial aid or a land grant from the government
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| Transcontinental railroad | one that stretches across a continent from coast to coast
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| Immigrant workers | hired by railroads for low pay, dangerous and backbreaking work
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| Cattle drives | journey of animals hundreds of miles north to railroad lines in Kansas and Missouri
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| Cowhands | tended to cattle and drove herds to market. Keep cattle from drowning, fix stampedes, fight grass fires
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| Vaqueros | skilled riders who herded cattle on ranches in Mexico, California, and the Southwest
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| Cow towns | where cattle drives ended, along railroad lines. Cattle were held in great pens and shipped to markets in the East
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| Cattle kingdom | cattle grazed from Kansas to present day Montana, branded cattle
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| Fort Laramie Treaty | Indians had to keep to a limited area and they were promised money, domestic animals, agricultural tools, and other goods. The land would be theirs forever
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| Chivington Massacre | John and his militia attacked Cheyenne Indians who surrendered. He ignored the white flag and killed over 100 men, women, and children
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| Reservation | a limited area set aside for Native Americans
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| End of the buffalo | buffalo hunting became sport, hide blankets became popular, population decreased extremely. Plains Indians struggled to survive without food.
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| Sioux War of 1976 | Indians fought back when whites came onto their reservations. They ended up giving up 1/3 of the land promised to them in the Fort Laramie Treaty
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| Apache Wars | Geronimo fought the longest. Lasted 10 years. Didn’t want to give up reservations. Marked end of formal warfare between Indians and whites
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| Dawes Act | encouraged Native Americans to become farmers.
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| Homestead Act | law promised 160 acres of land to anyone who farmed it for 5 years.
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| Exodusters | African Americans who moved to Kansas in 1879
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| Homesteaders | people who settled on the land given by the Homestead Act
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| Sodbusters | Plains farmers
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| National Grange | formed by farmers who wanted to boost farm profits and reduce the rates that railroads charged for shipping grain
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| Farmer’s Alliance | set up cooperatives and warehouses. Spread from Texas through the South and into the Plains states. Tried to bring back black and white farmers together
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| Populist Party | 1891, farmers and laborers formed it. Demanded government help with falling farm prices and regulation of railroad rates. Called for income tax, 8 hour workday, and limits on immigration
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| Election of 1896 | Populist- William Jennings Bryan, supported by Democrats. Bankers and business people supported- William McKinley (Republican). McKinley wins
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| Railroad Network | American Railroads connected their short railroad lines to make one long one
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| Consolidate | combine
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| Pool | an agreement to divide up business in an area
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| Rebates | discounts
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| Andrew Carnegie | richest steel industry owner
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| Vertical Integration | to acquire control of all the steps required to change raw materials into finished products
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| Corporation | a business that is owned by investors
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| Stock | shares in business
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| Dividends | shares of a corporation’s profit
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| Morgan | most powerful banker of the late 1800s, used banking profits to gain control of major corporations
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| Standard Oil | Company made from all companies that Rockefeller bought
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| Rockefeller | Bought out all other competition to make his company the only one
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| Trust | a group of corporations run by a single board of directors
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| Monopoly | controls all or nearly all the business of an industry
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| Free Enterprise System | businesses are owned by private citizens
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| Assembly Line | workers are stationed in one place as products edge along on a moving belt
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| Mass Production | making large quantities of a product quickly and cheaply
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| Sweatshop | a working place where people labor long hours in poor conditions for low pay
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| Child Labor | had little time for schooling, lack of education reduced their chance to build a better life as adults
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| Knights of Labor | a workers union that was open to skilled workers only
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| Haymarket Riot | where eight anarchists were arrested because a bomb exploded at Haymarket Square
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| American Federation of Labor | or AFL, open to skilled workers only
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| Collective Bargaining | the right of unions to negotiate with management for workers as a group
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| Triangle of Fire | where 150 people lost their lives when a fire broke out in the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory
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| Push Factors | conditions that drive people from their homes
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| Pull Factors | conditions that attract immigrants to a new area
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| Steerage | an airless room below deck
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| Statue of Liberty | a gift from the French, a symbol of the hope and freedom offered by the US
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| Ellis Island | an island where immigrants had to face a medical inspection
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| Angel Island | where Asian immigrants had to go before going to the US
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| Ethnic Group | a group of people who share a common culture
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| Immigration Patterns | large numbers of people arrived from Southern and Eastern Europe
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| Assimilation | the process of becoming part of another culture
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| Nativists | wanted to limit immigration and preserve the country for native-born white Protestants
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| Chinese Exclusion Act | said that no Chinese laborer could enter the US
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| Urbanization | the movement of population from farms to cities
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| Tenements | small apartments
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| Building Codes | laws that set standards for how structures should be built
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| Settlement House | a community center that offers services to the poor
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| Hull House | an old mansion, opened to poor people
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| Jane Addams | a rich woman who opened the Hull House
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| Salvation Army | a place for needy slum dwellers
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| City Life | no more room for buildings, so architects has to build the buildings upwards
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| Yellow Journalism | presented scandals, crime stories, and gossip into the newspapers
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| Vaudeville | a variety show that included comedians, song-and-dance routines, and acrobats
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| New Forms of Entertainment | baseball, basketball, football, ragtime
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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Created by:
fhchick08
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