Chapter 21 Section 1
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| What was the Gilded Age? | The Gilded Age was a period of time when inequality between wealthy business owners and workers who worked in terrible conditions was showed.
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| What were political machines? | Political machines were powerful organizations that used illegal and legal methods to get their candidates votes.
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| Give some examples of the type of methods the political machines used. | They would stuff ballot boxes, pay voters and bribe them.
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| Who led the political machines? | They were called bosses and they traded favors for votes.
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| Give some examples of how the bosses would get votes for the candidates. | They would hand out city jobs to unqualified people or allow an illegal business to operate.
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| Who did political machines get most of their support from? | Immigrants and poor families because they were in need of jobs, houses, and money.
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| What was Tammany Hall? | Tammany Hall was a famous political machine in NYC.
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| How did Tammany Hall reward their members? | They rewarded them with over 12,000 jobs.
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| Who was Tammany Hall's leader? | William Marcy Tweed.
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| What did Americans begin to think of President Grant? Why? | They thought that he was corrupt because the Whiskey Ring Scandal and Union Pacific Way Scandal that happened under his term.
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| What was the Whiskey Ring Scandal? | Whiskey makers bribed federal officials to get out of paying taxes.
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| What was the Union Pacific Way Scandal? | The company bribed Congress into giving them government funds.
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| What did the scandals lead to? | America questioning the honesty of their leaders.
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| What was the spoils system? | The practice of giving jobs to the winning candidates' supporters.
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| How did reformers feel about the spoils system? | They wanted to end it and they made it so that only qualified people could get government jobs.
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| How did President Rutherford B. Hayes help reform? | He fired a powerful member of the NY Republican political machine.
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| Which president attempted reforms but got shot? | President James A. Garfield
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| Who was Chester A. Arthur and what did he do? | He was a president who passed the Pendleton Civil Service Act which set up a merit system for awarding federal jobs.
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| Who were Progressives? | They were a group of reformers in the late 1800s who were working to improve society.
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| What did Progressives work to get rid of? | Crime, poverty, disease, and corruption.
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| What did Progressives promote? | Education and better working conditions.
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| Who were muckrakers? | They were journalists that exposed the filthy things about the society.
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| What did muckrakers write about? | They wrote about issues such as child labor, racial discrimination, slum housing, and corruption in business and politics.
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| Who was Lincoln Steffens and what did he write about? | He was a muckraker who exposed corruption in city government.
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| Who was Ida B. Tarbell and what did she write about? | She was a muckraker who wrote articles about the unfair business practices of the Standard Oil Company.
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| Who was Upton Sinclair and what did he write about? | He was a muckraker who exposed unsanitary practices in the meat-processing industry in his novel, The Jungle.
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| Who did muckrakers influence? | Voters who pressured politicians to reform.
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| What 2 things did urban reforms lead to? | New professions, education
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| What were some of the new professions? | Engineers, city planners, sanitation officers
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| How did reformers affect education laws? | Laws were created that required children to go to kindergarten to learn basic skills.
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| Who was Philosopher John Dewey? | Supporter of young children's education, taught kids problem solving skills to help with everyday life
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| What was the problem with medical education? What was the solution? | Problem: researchers know cause of disease, but no trained doctors or medical orgs Solution: American Medical Association (AMA) which brought together medical orgs and promoted public health
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| How did progressives try to take away political machine power? Give examples. | Reforming gov practices replacing corrupt ballots pressure states to have secret ballots (voter privacy)
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| What was the 17th Amendment? | Allowed Americans to vote for Senators directly
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| Direct Primary: | Voters choose candidate for party instead of party leaders choosing
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| Recall: | Citizens can remove politican from office by signing petition = recall votes many recall votes = removal from office
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| Initiative: | Allow voters to propose new law by getting petition signed
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| Referendum: | Allowed voter to approve/reject laws
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| What are 2 forms of business like governments? | Council-manager: voters elect city council -> council elects manager for city Commission: elected officials each have a duty in city ex. transportation
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| Who was Robert La Follette? | Republican governor of Wisconsin introduced Wisconsin Idea: made votes of politicians public, reassured voters.
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