Dysphagia
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Morals | a person's judgments or decisions regarding specific behaviors/conduct as either good or bad
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| Values | judgment of relative worth or importance of something; whatever is deemed proper, desirable, or worthwhile
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| Justice | fairness; legal correctness; administration of fairness by impartial adjustment of conflicting aims
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| Law | rules of conduct that are derived from cultural or community standards or moral and ethical behavior
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| Ethics | the science or philosophy of balancing values; the principles of conduct governing and individual or a group
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| Clinical Ethics | the identification, analysis, and resolution of moral problems concerning a particular patient
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| Professional Ethics | the standards or rules of professional behavior which are set out by a profession (e.g., ASHA)
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| Bioethics | discipline dealing with the ethical implications of biological research and applications, especially in medicine
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| Paternalism | the practice of overriding or ignoring a person’s preferences in order to benefit them of enhance their welfare (from caregiver’s perspective)
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| Autonomy | the right to self-determination; respect of individuals as self-determining agents
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| Beneficence | the obligation to benefit the patient
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| Non-Malfeasance | the obligation to do no harm
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| Respect | provision of necessary supports/protections to assist individuals with impaired autonomy such that the individual can meet their presently held, or at least previously held values as much as possible
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| Standard of Substituted Judgment | whoever makes decisions for the patient must attempt to make decisions that the patient would have made for himself to the degree that those preferences are known
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| Standard of Best Interest | guiding principle for surrogate decision makers when the patient’s preferences before the injury are unknown or rendered moot because f the present circumstances (broad application of beneficence)
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| Quality of Life | subjective judgment characterizing what makes one’s life worth living
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| Surrogate decision-maker | a person who acts on behalf of patients
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| Competence | legal term used by the courts to describe a person’s overall ability to manage their affairs, including financial, social and making clinical decisions
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| Decision Making Capacity | patient’s ability to make specific decisions regarding his own current or future medical care; can be determined clinically and does not require court involvement;
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| Consent | a formal and voluntary agreement obtained from a person who is informed about the potential risks and benefits of an action;
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| Assent | an informal agreement obtained from a patient who cannot participate in a fully informed decision and cannot give true informed consent, but can express an opinion about their wishes and goals for their clinical care
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| Advance Directives | formal statement of a person’s preferences for treatment of non-treatment decisions, typically about end-of-life decisions; most common forms are living will and durable power of attorney
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| Living Will | written request to forego certain treatment in the event of specific circumstances
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| Durable Power of Attorney for Health Care (DPAHC): | allows a person to name someone to make decisions on his behalf should he become unable to participate in medical decision making
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| Malpractice Basics | duty of care (must prove a “special” relationship between you and patient); standard or care (duty to exercise reasonable degree of skill, knowledge, and care; foreseeable harm (only liable if there was a foreseeable
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| Oral Prep Normal | -mastication
-form cohesive bolus (requires laryngeal control)
-labial seal, buccal tension
-BOT up & velum down to prevent premature spillage
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| Oral Transit Normal | -A-P stripping of the tongue
-tongue ramping
-VP port closed
-bolus moves towards sensory trigger
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| Pharyngeal Stage Normal | -hyolaryngeal elevation, epiglottis inversion, UES opens
-sup→inf pharyngeal stripping
-BOT retraction to meet pharyngeal wall
-TVF & FVF adduction
-arytenoids rock in together/medialize & adduct to prevent penetration
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| Esophageal Normal | -UES should stay closed
-bolus in esophagus
-peristalsis moves bolus towards LES
-LES opens
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