Final Exam Guide
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| any music whose primary sound sources are either electronically generated or electronically reproduced | Electronic music
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| Formula for calculating wavelengths in both foot and meter | W=S/F: 1130ft/per sec and 344m/per second for speed of sound.
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| Formula used to calculate the periods of sinewaves | frequency- 1/f (1/p if the period is given to calculate the frequency)
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| define the Fourier Theorem | Any complex vibration can be reproduced by adding (with proper amplitudes and phase) the harmonics of the fundamental vibration”.
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| The lowest fundamental pitch on an 88 key piano | 27.5Hz (A0)
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| Doubling a given frequency raises the pitch by... | 1 octave
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| There are (blank) cents per semitone, and (blank) cents in an octave | 100, 1200
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| complex waves with all harmonics sounding in phase with the fundamental and at relative amplitude of the fundamental | Sawtooth waves
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| pulse waves with a 50% duty cycle. They are complex waves with all the odd harmonics in phase with the fundamental and at relative amplitude of the fundamental. | Square waves
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| n a complex wave, the amplitude of the harmonics is important to our perception of the sound (timbre) not the phase relationship of the harmonics. | Ohm’s law of acoustics
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| esponsible for the commercial popularity of synthesizers in the late 60s’ through the development of modular analog synthesizers and using a piano style keyboard to control them. | Bob Moog
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| 3 types of voltage controlled modules | VCO, VCF and VCA
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| 3 examples of Control Voltages sources | keyboard, The Low Frequency Oscillator (LFO), and the Envelope Generator (EG).
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| (originally developed at Bell Labs as a way to carry more telephone conversations on a single line) is used in music synthesis to produce bell like, clangorous sounds. | Ring Modulation
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| the frequency component of digital audio. | Sampling
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| in order to properly capture and encode (ADC) a sound we must have at least two samples per period (cycle) of the highest frequency you are trying to digitize. | Nyquist Theorem
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| occurs when frequencies over the Nyquist frequency (half the sampling rate) enter into the analog-to-digital conversion process (ADC) | Aliasing
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| the number of samples taken in 1 second | Sampling Rate
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| he time in seconds for each sample | Sampling Time
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| the amplitude component of digital audio | Quantization
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| determines the quantization resolution of the digitized waveform | bit-depth (word length)
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| the difference between the actual analog value at the sample time and the selected quantization interval value | Quantization Error
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| ratio of the maximum expressible signal amplitude (full scale) to the maximum Quantization Error | Signal-to-Error Ratio
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| communications protocol that allows musical instruments and computers to talk to each other using a common language and hardware interface | MIDI
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| begin with a 1 as their Most Significant Bit (MSB). The next 3 bits of the status byte determine what the command is. | Status bytes
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| begin with a 0 as their Most Significant Bit (MSB). Usually 2 data bytes follow a status byte and represent a value from 0-127 that is related to the MIDI command type (status byte) | Data bytes
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| reduces the amount of MIDI data by approximately 1/3rd | Running Status
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| measures the afterouch pressure of all notes that are being played and transmits all that data | Polyphonic Aftertouch
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| Channel takes the afterouch value of the key that has the most pressure and sends only that data out and applies that value to all the other keys | Channel Aftertouch
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| Pitch Bend, Aftertouch and Modulation are examples of | MIDI Continuous Controller data
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| The transmission speed of MIDI data is... | 31.25Kbaud, or 31,250 bytes/sec
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| In-port, Out-port and Thru-port | Thru-port is directly connected to the In-port so it passes along any MIDI data present at the In-port
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| connects or disconnects the keyboard from its internal synthesizer | Local Control
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| industry recognized “standard” of the MIDI protocol that states that any unit displaying the GM logo must adhere to these basic standards | General MIDI 1.0
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| e used to store and share MIDI sequences (songs) so that they may be played back or edited on any other sequencer that supports SMF format | Standard MIDI Files
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| It is a microprocessor with many transistors (billions) on it that handle the main computation process for the computer. | Central Processing Unit
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| predicted that computer processing power would double every 18 to 24 months while the cost to the public would remain basically the same | Moore’s Law:
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| program stored in firmware (ROM) that runs when a computer is first turned on. Its primary function is to prepare the machine | BIOS
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| computer program that manages the hardware and software resources of a computer | Operating System (OS)
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| non-volatile storage media that contains programs that are not easily written to | ROM
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| volatile memory, this is the most common reference when referring to computer memory | RAM
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| Volatile memory data that is frequently used is stored in cache for rapid access. Even faster access times than RAM. | Cache
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| Mechanical device that stores massive amounts of data on rapidly spinning magnetic disks. Typical sizes for Hard Drives are now into Tera Bytes. | Hard Drive Disk
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| Newest form of mass memory that is replacing HDDs | Solid-State Drives
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| a form of non-volatile computer memory that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed | Flash Memory
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| The current standard I/O connection on Mac and PCs. Will support up to 80Gbps transfer rates. | PCIe (Peripheral Component Interface express)
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| Version 1394b supports up to 800Mbps transfer rates that makes it great for multi-channel audio interfaces. | IEEE-1394 high-speed serial interface
(FIREWIRE)
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| he next-generation of I/O developed by Intel and Apple that will most likely replace USB and Firewire in the near future. It boasts transfer rates up to 10 Gbps!! | Thunderbolt
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