Patho Respiratory Sy
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| primary function is to obtain O2 from the air and deliver it to the lungs for exchange with CO2 and to the blood for distribution | Respiratory System
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| coughing, sneezing, talking, and singing | Secondary functions of the respiratory system
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| small air sacs in the lungs thin walled sacs surrounded by blood capillaries the site for O2 and CO2 exchange | Alveoli
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| an oily lubricant that bathes the inner surfaces to reduce the surface tension in the lungs | Surfacant
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| a waste product of cellular metabolism | CO2
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| the main muscles of inspiration, or inhalation | diaphragm and the external intercostals
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| other muscles that assist exhalation | abdominal and internal intercostal
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| the lungs are encased by a double membrane consisting of two layers called | pleura
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| in between the pleura is the | pleural cavity
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| acts as a vacuum and prevents the lungs from collapsing | intrapleural pressure
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| the entire respiratory tract is lined with a mucous membrane called | epithelium
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| hair like projections | cilia
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| exert a sweeping action, preventing dust and foreign particles from reaching the lungs | cilia
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| protects the lungs by moistening and warming inhaled air starting in the nasal cavity | mucous membrane
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| dyspnea | labored breathing
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| tachypnea | rapid breathing
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| hemoptysis | coughing blood
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| cyanosis | blue color in skin and nails
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| oscillometry | a new test available to those as young as two years old
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| distinguish patients who have persistently narrowed airways versus a confirmed diagnosis of asthma | oscillometry
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| a key indicator of respiratory function | arterial blood gases
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| sputum examination is helpful in the evaluation of | pneumonia, TB, and malignancies
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| gram stains and cultures are useful in identifying | causative organisms, determining proper antibiotic treatment, and diagnosing TB and fungal lung infections
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| permits visualization of the lungs and diaphragm during respiration | bronchoscopy, chest x-rays, and fluoroscopy
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| air filled spaces that reduce the weight of the skill and contribute resonance to the voice | sinuses
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| sinus cavities are referred to as | paranasal sinuses
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| frontal, ethmoid, maxillary, and sphenoid | sinus cavities
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| sinusitis | inflammation of the mucous membrane linings which causes pressure, pain, and often a headache
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| ethmois sinus inflammation is more common in | children
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| etiology of sinusitis | viruses, bacteria, and allergens
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| results in painful headaches and facial swelling | chronic sinusitis
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| noncancerous growths in the nasal or sinus passageway | nasal polyps
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| the most common sleep disorder | obstructive sleep apnea
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| interruption or hesitation of the normal breathing cycle during sleep is called | apnea
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| the incidence is highest among middle aged overweight males | sleep apnea
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| caused by a sensitivity to airborn allergens | hay fever
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| triggers respiratory mucosa to secrete excessive mucus | allergens
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| the most prevalent chronic condition in patients under age 18 | hay fever
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| infections of these tissues lead to difficulty swallowing and redness and pain in the throat area | tonsis, pharynx, and larynx
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| masses of lymphatic tissue embedded in the lateral mucous membranes of the midsection of the oropharynx | palatine tonsils
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| tonsillectomy | removal of the tonsils and pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
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| may contribute to short term pharyngitis | foreign objects, hot liquids, or spicy foods
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| characterized by a red, purulent soar throat | strep throat
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| characterized by hoarseness or aphonia | laryngitis
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| causes laryngitis in young children | croup
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| a viral infection of the upper respiratory system | influenza
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| symptoms include - chills, fever, cough, sore throat, runny nose, chest pain, muscles aches, and gastrointestinal disorders | influenza
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| chief among flu complications | pneumonia
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| particularly serious in the elderly and chronically it, as well as young children | influenza
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| common cold, sinusitis, nasal polyps, snoring and obstructive sleep apnea, hay fever (rhinitis), tonsillitis, pharyngitis, and laryngitis | upper respiratory diseases
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| chronic bronchitis, chronic asthma, emphysema, cystic fibrosis, and pneumoconiosis | lower rrespiratory diseases
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| irritants such as industrial fumes, automobile exhaust, viruses, and bacteria can cause | bronchitis
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| bronchitis | inflammation of the bronchi that can be acute and chronic
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| more serious in small children, the chronically ill, and the elderly | acute bronchitis
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| characterized by chest pains, dyspnea, cough, fever, and sometimes chills | acute bronchitis
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| sputum may contain pus | acute bronchitis
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| indicated by coughing with sputum production lasting for at least 3 months for 2 consecutive years | chronic bronchitis
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| more common in middle aged men than women | chronic bronchitis
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| there is excessive secretion of mucus from the mucous glands of he bronchial mucosa lining | chronic bronchitis
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| mucous glands hypertrophy, and the mucosa itself is thickened and inflamed | chronic bronchitis
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| hypoxia | insufficient oxygenation of the tissues
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| may be a complication of another respiratory infection | chronic bronchitis
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| can result from long term exposure to air pollutants, cigarette smoking, or a complication of another infection | chronic bronchitis
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| the flue or a common cold exacerbate | chronic bronchitis
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| one of the most common chronic conditions worldwide | asthma
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| bronchial asthma | chronic inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles
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| a disabling and debilitating disease caused by a restriction or obstruction | emphysema
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| lungs lose their elasticity, and the lungs become filled with air that is high in CO2 | emphysema
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| symptoms - suffocating feeling, inability to breathe unimpeded, and intense pain | emphysema
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| atelectasis | a collapsed or airless condition of the lung
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| pneumothorax | a collectivon of air or gas in the pleural cavityspirometer
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| spirometer | an instrument that measures the movement and volume of air in and out of the lungs
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| a barrel chest | emphysema
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| a stethoscope placed on the chest detects abnormal respiratory sounds called | rales
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| right side of the heart is weak, the blood is less saturated with O2 and cyanosis | emphysema
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| an inherited disease that affects the exocrine glands | cystic fibrosis
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| the most serious manifestation of cystic fibrosis is in | respiratory system
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| symptoms - dyspnea, wheezing, persistent cough, and thick sputum | cystic fibrosis
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| a common complication of cystic fibrosis | bronchiectasis
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| brochiectasis | a sequela or residual effect of chronic inflammation and congestion
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| most death involve younger adults and occur as a result of respiratory failure | cystic fibrosis
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| lack of proper fat digestion results in a large, bulky, foul smelling stool | cystic fibrosis
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| a hereditary disease that manifests in young children | cystic fibrosis
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| transmitted through a recessive gene | cystic fibrosis
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| sweat glands excrete excessive perspiration and large amounts of salt | cystic fibrosis
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| confirms cystic fibrosis | sweat test
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| blockage of pancreatic duct prevents secretion of digestive enzymes and inability to digest and absorb nutrients | cystic fibrosis
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| recurrent respiratory infections, abnormal mucosal lining, inability to clear thick mucus | cystic fibrosis
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| electrolyte imbalance, abnormal salt excretion | cystic fibrosis
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| COPD | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
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| a COPD caused by dust particles that infiltrate or embed into lung tissue | pneumoconiosis
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| symptoms - SOB, wheezing, and low physical endurance | pneumoconiosis
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| dust usually the result of industrial mining of coal and stone or milling of grains or environmental activity like asbestosis or volcanoes | pneumoconiosis
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| an acute inflammation of the lungs in which air spaces in the lungs become filled with an inflammatory exudate | pneumonia
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| typically runs in seasonal or cyclical patterns | pneumonia
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| symptoms - dyspnea, fever, chest pain, and a productive cough | pneumonia
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| listening to lung activity, a chest x-ray, and analysis of sputum can diagnose and determine its cause | pneumonia
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| inflammation of a section, often an entire lobe of the lung | lobar pneumonia
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