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Patho Respiratory Sy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| primary function is to obtain O2 from the air and deliver it to the lungs for exchange with CO2 and to the blood for distribution | Respiratory System |
| coughing, sneezing, talking, and singing | Secondary functions of the respiratory system |
| small air sacs in the lungs thin walled sacs surrounded by blood capillaries the site for O2 and CO2 exchange | Alveoli |
| an oily lubricant that bathes the inner surfaces to reduce the surface tension in the lungs | Surfacant |
| a waste product of cellular metabolism | CO2 |
| the main muscles of inspiration, or inhalation | diaphragm and the external intercostals |
| other muscles that assist exhalation | abdominal and internal intercostal |
| the lungs are encased by a double membrane consisting of two layers called | pleura |
| in between the pleura is the | pleural cavity |
| acts as a vacuum and prevents the lungs from collapsing | intrapleural pressure |
| the entire respiratory tract is lined with a mucous membrane called | epithelium |
| hair like projections | cilia |
| exert a sweeping action, preventing dust and foreign particles from reaching the lungs | cilia |
| protects the lungs by moistening and warming inhaled air starting in the nasal cavity | mucous membrane |
| dyspnea | labored breathing |
| tachypnea | rapid breathing |
| hemoptysis | coughing blood |
| cyanosis | blue color in skin and nails |
| oscillometry | a new test available to those as young as two years old |
| distinguish patients who have persistently narrowed airways versus a confirmed diagnosis of asthma | oscillometry |
| a key indicator of respiratory function | arterial blood gases |
| sputum examination is helpful in the evaluation of | pneumonia, TB, and malignancies |
| gram stains and cultures are useful in identifying | causative organisms, determining proper antibiotic treatment, and diagnosing TB and fungal lung infections |
| permits visualization of the lungs and diaphragm during respiration | bronchoscopy, chest x-rays, and fluoroscopy |
| air filled spaces that reduce the weight of the skill and contribute resonance to the voice | sinuses |
| sinus cavities are referred to as | paranasal sinuses |
| frontal, ethmoid, maxillary, and sphenoid | sinus cavities |
| sinusitis | inflammation of the mucous membrane linings which causes pressure, pain, and often a headache |
| ethmois sinus inflammation is more common in | children |
| etiology of sinusitis | viruses, bacteria, and allergens |
| results in painful headaches and facial swelling | chronic sinusitis |
| noncancerous growths in the nasal or sinus passageway | nasal polyps |
| the most common sleep disorder | obstructive sleep apnea |
| interruption or hesitation of the normal breathing cycle during sleep is called | apnea |
| the incidence is highest among middle aged overweight males | sleep apnea |
| caused by a sensitivity to airborn allergens | hay fever |
| triggers respiratory mucosa to secrete excessive mucus | allergens |
| the most prevalent chronic condition in patients under age 18 | hay fever |
| infections of these tissues lead to difficulty swallowing and redness and pain in the throat area | tonsis, pharynx, and larynx |
| masses of lymphatic tissue embedded in the lateral mucous membranes of the midsection of the oropharynx | palatine tonsils |
| tonsillectomy | removal of the tonsils and pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) |
| may contribute to short term pharyngitis | foreign objects, hot liquids, or spicy foods |
| characterized by a red, purulent soar throat | strep throat |
| characterized by hoarseness or aphonia | laryngitis |
| causes laryngitis in young children | croup |
| a viral infection of the upper respiratory system | influenza |
| symptoms include - chills, fever, cough, sore throat, runny nose, chest pain, muscles aches, and gastrointestinal disorders | influenza |
| chief among flu complications | pneumonia |
| particularly serious in the elderly and chronically it, as well as young children | influenza |
| common cold, sinusitis, nasal polyps, snoring and obstructive sleep apnea, hay fever (rhinitis), tonsillitis, pharyngitis, and laryngitis | upper respiratory diseases |
| chronic bronchitis, chronic asthma, emphysema, cystic fibrosis, and pneumoconiosis | lower rrespiratory diseases |
| irritants such as industrial fumes, automobile exhaust, viruses, and bacteria can cause | bronchitis |
| bronchitis | inflammation of the bronchi that can be acute and chronic |
| more serious in small children, the chronically ill, and the elderly | acute bronchitis |
| characterized by chest pains, dyspnea, cough, fever, and sometimes chills | acute bronchitis |
| sputum may contain pus | acute bronchitis |
| indicated by coughing with sputum production lasting for at least 3 months for 2 consecutive years | chronic bronchitis |
| more common in middle aged men than women | chronic bronchitis |
| there is excessive secretion of mucus from the mucous glands of he bronchial mucosa lining | chronic bronchitis |
| mucous glands hypertrophy, and the mucosa itself is thickened and inflamed | chronic bronchitis |
| hypoxia | insufficient oxygenation of the tissues |
| may be a complication of another respiratory infection | chronic bronchitis |
| can result from long term exposure to air pollutants, cigarette smoking, or a complication of another infection | chronic bronchitis |
| the flue or a common cold exacerbate | chronic bronchitis |
| one of the most common chronic conditions worldwide | asthma |
| bronchial asthma | chronic inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles |
| a disabling and debilitating disease caused by a restriction or obstruction | emphysema |
| lungs lose their elasticity, and the lungs become filled with air that is high in CO2 | emphysema |
| symptoms - suffocating feeling, inability to breathe unimpeded, and intense pain | emphysema |
| atelectasis | a collapsed or airless condition of the lung |
| pneumothorax | a collectivon of air or gas in the pleural cavityspirometer |
| spirometer | an instrument that measures the movement and volume of air in and out of the lungs |
| a barrel chest | emphysema |
| a stethoscope placed on the chest detects abnormal respiratory sounds called | rales |
| right side of the heart is weak, the blood is less saturated with O2 and cyanosis | emphysema |
| an inherited disease that affects the exocrine glands | cystic fibrosis |
| the most serious manifestation of cystic fibrosis is in | respiratory system |
| symptoms - dyspnea, wheezing, persistent cough, and thick sputum | cystic fibrosis |
| a common complication of cystic fibrosis | bronchiectasis |
| brochiectasis | a sequela or residual effect of chronic inflammation and congestion |
| most death involve younger adults and occur as a result of respiratory failure | cystic fibrosis |
| lack of proper fat digestion results in a large, bulky, foul smelling stool | cystic fibrosis |
| a hereditary disease that manifests in young children | cystic fibrosis |
| transmitted through a recessive gene | cystic fibrosis |
| sweat glands excrete excessive perspiration and large amounts of salt | cystic fibrosis |
| confirms cystic fibrosis | sweat test |
| blockage of pancreatic duct prevents secretion of digestive enzymes and inability to digest and absorb nutrients | cystic fibrosis |
| recurrent respiratory infections, abnormal mucosal lining, inability to clear thick mucus | cystic fibrosis |
| electrolyte imbalance, abnormal salt excretion | cystic fibrosis |
| COPD | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
| a COPD caused by dust particles that infiltrate or embed into lung tissue | pneumoconiosis |
| symptoms - SOB, wheezing, and low physical endurance | pneumoconiosis |
| dust usually the result of industrial mining of coal and stone or milling of grains or environmental activity like asbestosis or volcanoes | pneumoconiosis |
| an acute inflammation of the lungs in which air spaces in the lungs become filled with an inflammatory exudate | pneumonia |
| typically runs in seasonal or cyclical patterns | pneumonia |
| symptoms - dyspnea, fever, chest pain, and a productive cough | pneumonia |
| listening to lung activity, a chest x-ray, and analysis of sputum can diagnose and determine its cause | pneumonia |
| inflammation of a section, often an entire lobe of the lung | lobar pneumonia |
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