Clinical medicine I Final Review
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Vector same direction as the axis | show 🗑
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| Vector and Axis perpendicular to each other | show 🗑
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| show | - deflection
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| show | .12-.20s, <.12
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| SA, AV, Ventricle node conduction rates | show 🗑
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| show | PR interval
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| How do we determine the axis? | show 🗑
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| show | 300 150 100 75 60 52 45
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| Rhythm that is no NSR but is irregular | show 🗑
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| Another name for Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia (PAT) | show 🗑
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| show | 250-350bpm sawtooth pattern
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| MC cause of Atrial flutter | show 🗑
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| MC cause of Afib | show 🗑
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| If SVT stimulus is near SA node, how can we tell the diff b/w SVT and sinus tach? | show 🗑
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| show | vagal maneuvers, Adenosine, verapamil, break conduction through re-entry circuit
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| show | V-tach –usually underlying ht dz
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| Tx Vtach | show 🗑
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| PR interval >,20 sec, in nl hearts, no tx | show 🗑
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| show | 2nd degree ht block type I (wenckebach)
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| show | No, PR gets longer to no QRS complex
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| Causes of 2nd degree block type II | show 🗑
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| Nl PR interval with sudden dropped QRS complexs | show 🗑
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| Atrial and ventricular depolarizations are independent of each other | show 🗑
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| Causes of 3rd degree AV block | show 🗑
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| show | no happen in all ages all ppl, frequent
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| MC cause of PVC’s | show 🗑
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| 3 or more PVC’s in a row | show 🗑
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| show | sensitivity True +/True + + false -
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| show | specificity
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| Main components of CBC | show 🗑
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| Nl value of Hgb and Hct | show 🗑
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| show | dehydration, ^altitude, smokers, Congential ht dz, polycythemia vera
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| Cuases of low hgb | show 🗑
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| Nl value of WBC | show 🗑
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| WBC w/ diff components | show 🗑
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| MC WBC and found when | show 🗑
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| When do we see lymphocytes and eosinohpils | show 🗑
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| When do we see basophils and monocytes | show 🗑
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| Reasons for low WBC | show 🗑
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| Left shift | show 🗑
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| Increase and decreased of MCV | show 🗑
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| show | 150,000-400,000
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| What is found in with a urinalysis dipstick? | show 🗑
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| Bence Jones Proteins is associated with | show 🗑
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| What do RB casts and WB casts signify | show 🗑
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| show | AST: 10-40IU/L: elevated w/ liver, muscle, cardiac injury ALT: 5-35IU/L ^w/ liver injury (more sensitive)
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| show | albumin
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| Coagulation studies | show 🗑
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| show | Amylase 12-60 U/L, elevates first. Lipase: 20-200U/L remains elevated longer
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| show | V/D endocrine K+ dec w/ V/D
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| show | 60-126, <5%
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| Nl BUN, creatinine | show 🗑
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| Increases w/ congestive heart failure | show 🗑
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| show | 1-6, 1 hard to hear w/ stethoscope, 4-6loud with palpable thrills
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| show | 95% L sided 50%mitral 45% aortic
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| show | Decreased exercise tolerance, fatigue, syncope, CP, dyspnea, BP^ delayed upstroke or bounding
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| show | Systolic, Aortic& Pulmonic stenosis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
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| show | Systolic: Mitral & tricuspid regurg, VSD
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| show | Aortic regurgitation (diastolic)
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| show | Pulmonic regurg, (diastolic)
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| Low pitched ruble, opening snap murmur | show 🗑
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| show | Tricuspid stenosis (diastolic)
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| show | Aortic stenosis: d/t athreloclerosis, bicuspid valve in the young, Rheumatic ht dz
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| show | Angina, Syncope, CHF
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| Palpable S4 heard with heave | show 🗑
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| Mitral stenosis is a complication of? Sxs? | show 🗑
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| Crisp systolic click and late systolic murmur | show 🗑
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| Causes of MVP | show 🗑
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| What increases/decreases the length of a MVP murmur | show 🗑
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| Primary and secondary causes of Mitral regurg | show 🗑
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| show | With prosthetic ht valve, hx endocarditis, Cong HD,
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| Types of prosthetic heart valves and uses | show 🗑
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| show | age, smoking, obesity, sedentary, hyperlipidemia, HTN, DM
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| PVD Chart | show 🗑
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| show | reproducible pain w/ cramping and tightness
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| show | temporal artery bx: shows giant cells infiltrating the tissue
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| show | assessing for PAD, take the systolic pressure in legs/ SP in arms Nl: .9-1.2 if > than that: hardening of arteries, .8-.9mild, .5-.8 mod <.5 severe
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| Diff b/w raynauds dz and phenomenon | show 🗑
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| show | Buerger’s Dz (Thromoangitis Obliterans)
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| show | Male, 20-40 smokers, severe pain w/o physical findings, Clinically dx, w/ angiogram for integrity of arteries
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| show | Avoid vasoconstriction, proper fitting shoes, elevate foot of bed
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| show | Virchow’s Triad: Stasis, Intimal Injury, Hypercoagulability
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| Prolonged venous thrombosis | show 🗑
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| show | Homan’s test, Wells Score
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| show | >3 75% DVT, 1-2, 17%, <1 3%
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| Tx for Superficial venous thrombosis, DVT | show 🗑
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| Leading cause of death for men and women of all races and ethnicities | show 🗑
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| show | LDL: bad HDL: good, removes excejss cholesterol from tissues, Chylomicrons and VLDL: transport exogenous lipids, TG’s Main storage for fat
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| show | ^LDL->oxidized, Macrophages ingest ox. LDL—Foam cells, collegen over it:fibroud plaque: ruptures:platelet aggregation:thrombus
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| show | Fhx, Dm, Age, also maybe CRP, impaired fasting glucose
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| show | Smoking, HTN, low HDL, lifestyle: obesity, physical inactivity, atherogenic diet
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| What cause secondary hyperlipidemia | show 🗑
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| Metabolic Syndrome sxs | show 🗑
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| When do we check for lipoprotein disorders | show 🗑
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| Routine lipid screening recommendations | show 🗑
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| CHD Risk equivalents | show 🗑
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| Major CHD RF’s | show 🗑
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| CHD risk or equivalents LDL goal | show 🗑
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| Moderate high risk, 10-yr 10-20%(>2RF’s) | show 🗑
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| Miderate Risk , 10 yr <10% | show 🗑
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| show | LDL < 160, Consider Drug >190
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| show | Healthy diet, wt reduction, increased Physical activity
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| show | cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, peripheral vascular dz
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| Comorbitities to HTN | show 🗑
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| show | systole
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| Phase of cardiac cycle in which ventricles relax | show 🗑
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| Understand wiggers diagram | show 🗑
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| Maximuc atrial pressure during ventricle contraction | show 🗑
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| show | Diastolic pressure
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| show | HR x SV
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| show | systolic < 120, Diastolic < 80
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| show | systolic 120-139, Diastolic, 80-89
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| HTN stage 1 and 2 | show 🗑
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| show | two or more readings at 2 or more visits after initial screen
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| show | U: 140/90,C: 130/80
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| Some secondary causes of HTN | show 🗑
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| show |
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| show | SBP ≥ 180, DBP ≥ 120
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| Longstanding HTN can lead to what? | show 🗑
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| Modifiable RF’s for HTN | show 🗑
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| Unmodifiable RF’s for HTN | show 🗑
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| Metabolic syndrome | show 🗑
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| Sxs of HTN | show 🗑
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| show | find underlying causes, CBC, K+ BUN/Creatinint, Ca+, phosphate, FBG, Lipid profile, TSH, UA, CXR, EKG
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| show | Brain: stroke, TIA, Eye: Retinopathy
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| show | Signs of retinopathy of HTN
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| show | longstanding HTN
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| show | Lower BP, Wt reduction, Diet, Exercise, Reduce ETOH to 1-2/day
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| show | MS, Parkinson’s, peripheral neuropath (DM), Gullain-barre’ syndrome, raynaud’s, Reflux sympathetic dystrophy, Drugs, Physical deconditioning, Dec. BV,
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| Dx of Orthostatic testing | show 🗑
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