A&P 2 - Exam 4 - Part 4 - Acid-Base Balance
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| ______ is one of the most important of the body's homeostatic mechanisms. | show 🗑
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| Acid-base balance refers to regulation of ______ ion concentration in body fluids. | show 🗑
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| show | pH
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| show | cellular metabolism
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| show | pH
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| pH is the _______ of hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. | show 🗑
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| ______ is formed by aerobic glucose metabolism. | show 🗑
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| What 5 elements are sources of pH? | show 🗑
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| Carbonic acid (H2C03) is formed by ______ metabolism. | show 🗑
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| show | lactic acid
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| Lactic acid is formed by ______ metabolism. | show 🗑
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| show | sulfuric, sulfur
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| Sulfuric acid is formed by the ______ of sulfur containing ______. | show 🗑
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| show | phosphoric, phosphoproteins
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| Phosphoric acid is formed in the breakdown of phosphoproteins and ______. | show 🗑
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| ______ are formed in the breakdown of fats. | show 🗑
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| show | fats
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| show | acetone, acetoacetic acid, beta-hydroxybutyric acid
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| The acid-forming potential of foods is determined by ______, ______, and ______ content. | show 🗑
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| Chemical pH control mechanisms are _______ action buffers. | show 🗑
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| ______ pH control mechanisms are rapid action buffers. | show 🗑
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| show | bicarbonate (HCO3-), phosphate (HPO4-2 or H2PO4-), protein
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| show | delayed
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| show | physiological
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| What are 2 physiological pH control mechanism responses? | show 🗑
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| show | 7.36 to 7.41
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| show | buffers
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| show | acid, salt acid, basic
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| Buffer pairs are present in body fluids; mainly _______, proteins, ________, acid phosphate, and sodium and potassium salts of these weak acids. | show 🗑
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| show | proteins, acid phosphate
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| Buffer pairs are present in body fluids; mainly carbonic acid, proteins, hemoglobin, acid phosphate, and ______ and ______ salts of these weak acids. | show 🗑
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| The action of buffers is to prevent marked changes in the ____ of body fluids. | show 🗑
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| show | nonvolatile, sodium bicarbonate
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| show | hydrochloric acid, lactic acid, ketone bodies
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| ______ acids, chiefly carbonic acid, is buffered mainly by ______ salts of hemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin. | show 🗑
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| Volatile acids, chiefly ______ acid, is buffered mainly by potassium salts of ______ and ______. | show 🗑
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| The ______ makes it possible for carbonic acid to be buffered in the red blood cell and then carried as ______ in the plasma. | show 🗑
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| show | carbonic acid
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| show | carbonic acid, 7.4
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| ______ are buffered mainly by carbonic acid (when homeostasis of pH at ___ exists) | show 🗑
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| The ______ equation is a mathematical formula that explains the relationship between hydrogen ion concentration of body fluids and the ratio of base bicarbonate to carbonic acid. | show 🗑
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| show | hydrogen
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| The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is a mathematical formula that explains the relationship between hydrogen ion concentration of body fluids and the ratio of base ______ to ______ acid. | show 🗑
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| show | respiratory, urinary
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| ______ cannot maintain normal pH without adequate functioning of respiratory and urinary pH control mechanisms. | show 🗑
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| The amount of blood ______ directly relates to amount of ______ and therefore to the concentration of H+. | show 🗑
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| show | H+
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| With increased respirations, less ______ remains in blood, hence _____ carbonic acid and _____ H+. | show 🗑
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| With decreased respirations, more ______ remains in blood, hence ______ carbonic acid and ______ H+. | show 🗑
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| show | acidosis, hyperventilation, caronic acid (H3CO3), increases, acidosis
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| Acidosis causes ______. | show 🗑
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| show | Acidosis
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| Prolonged hyperventilation, by decreasing blood ___ excessively, may produce ______. | show 🗑
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| show | hypoventilation, carbon dioxide (CO2), carbonic acid (H2CO3), H+
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| Prolonged hypoventilation, by eliminating too little _____ causes increase in blood carbonic acid (H2CO3) and consequently in blood H+, thereby may produce ______. | show 🗑
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| show | H+, base
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| The kidneys can eliminate fewer ___ while reabsorbing less ______ when pH tends toward alkaline side. | show 🗑
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| What is H2CO3? | show 🗑
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| show | bicarbonate
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| show | phosphate
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| The secretion of ______ into urine occurs when blood CO2, H2CO3, and H+ increase above normal. | show 🗑
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| show | carbon dioxide (CO2), carbonic acid (H2CO3), H+
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| show | distal
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| show | H+, H+
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| Distal tubules secrete more H+ into urine and then reabsorb ______ into blood in exchange for the H+ excreted. | show 🗑
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| show | ammonia
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| show | ammonia (NH3), ammonium
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| Ammonium ion displaces basic ion (mainly ______) from a salt; basic ion is then reabsorbed back into blood in exchange for ______ ion excreted. | show 🗑
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| show | metabolic acidosis
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| show | metabolic acidosis
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| show | metabolic alkalosis
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| show | metabolic alkalosis
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| What acid-base imbalance is caused by carbonic acid excess? | show 🗑
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| What acid-base imbalance can be caused by pneumonia, emphysema, or a barbiturate overdose? | show 🗑
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| What acid-base imbalance is caused by carbonic acid deficit? | show 🗑
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| What acid-base imbalance can be caused by hyperventilation due to fever? | show 🗑
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