Test 3
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| What is the difference between the corticobulbar pathway and the corticospinal pathway? | Corticobulbar pathway crosses over at brainstem
Corticospinal pathway crosses over at medulla
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| Where are the nuerons and synapses for controlling the muscle of the faces | cortex, brainstem, neuromuscular junction
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| What does the Corticospinal pathway control | Spinal nerves/muscles
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| What does the corticobulbar pathway control? | Cranial nerves/muscles
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| What are 3 consequences of damage to the corticobulbar pathway? | Tongue protrusion with damage to hypoglosseal (XII) nerve
Voice change with paralyzed vocal folds with damage to Vagus (X) nerve
Asymetrical smile due to damage of facial (VII) nerve
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| What is the structural difference between pyramidal and extrapyramidal pathways? | Pyramidal=direct pathway
extrapyramidal = indirect pathway
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| What purpose does the pyramidal pathway serve? | voluntary movements
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| What purpose does the extrapyramidal pathway serve? | involuntary movements
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| What are 4 extrapyramidal pathways? | 1)Tectospinal tract
2)Rubrospinal tract
3)Vestibulospinal tract
4)Reticulospinal tract
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| Where does the Tectospinal tract synapse in the brainstem? | tectum (inferior & superior colliculi)
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| Where does the Rubrospinal tract synapse in the brainstem? | Red nucleus
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| Where does the vestibulospinal tract synapse in the brainstem? | Cranial Nerve 8
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| Where does the reticulospinal tract synapse in the brainstem? | reticular formation
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| What is the difference between a motor unit and a neuromuscular junction? | motor unit = a single Alpha neuron and all corresponding muscle fibers it innervates
Neuromuscular junction = synapse of the axon terminal of motor neuron and the motor end plate
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| How many muscle fibers can a neuron control | depends on the # of Axon collaterals
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| How is it possible to increase or decrease the force of a movement? | Recruit more motor units to the task
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| What are the 3 main purposes of the cerebellum | 1) monitors all cortical motor output to muscles
2) Matches motor and sensory commands
3) Sends a corrective input
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| Which lobes and deep nuclei of the cerebellum are most involved in speech? | posterior lobe
dentate nucleus
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| What are 3 common symptoms of cerebellar damage? | Ipsilateral symptoms
Motor control loss with out sensory loss or paralysis
Gradual recovery
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| What are 3 common causes of cerebellar damage? | 1) stroke
2) chronic alcoholism
3) progressive hereditary neurological disease
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| What is ataxia? | segmentation/discoordination of movement
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| What is dysdiadochokinesia | inability to perform rapid, alternating movements
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| What is Dysarthria | Slow slurred disjointed speech
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| What is Dysmetria? | Missing a target by either over or undershooting
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| Action or Intention Tremor | Repetitive wavering during action - not during rest
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| Hypotonia | Slack muscle tone
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| Rebounding | lack of needed inhibition for sudden movement changes
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| Disequalibrium | walking as if drunk, not on balance
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| The basal ganglia is active most often in early or late learning? | Late learning
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| The cerebellum is active most often in early or late learning> | Early learning
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| Does the basal ganglia send messages directly to the cortex? | NO
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| What type of pathway is the basal ganglia | Indirect
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| Where does the pathway for the basal ganglia go before the cortex> | The talamus
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| Does the basal ganglia send excitatory or inhibitory messages to the thalamus? | Inhibitory
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| Within the vetrolateral thalamus, messages from the basal ganglia meet up with messages from what other major structure involved with movement control? | Cerebellum
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| Dyskinesia | Delay or inability to initiate a movement
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| Athetosis | Slow involuntary twisting of axial and speech muscles (writhing)
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| Ballism | Wild swinging movements of the arms and legs
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| Chorea | Rythmic and quick involuntary movements in distal muschles and face, tongue and pharynx (non-patterned)
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| Tremor | rythmic shakiness
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| Bradykinesia | Slow movements
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| Hypokinesia | Movements with limited range
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| What do nociceptors sense? | Pain/tissue destruction
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| What do Ruffini receptors sense? | diffuse touch/pressure
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| What do Pasiniam corpuscles sense? | discriminative touch/vibration
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| What do Merkel Receptors sense? | Diffuse touch/pressure
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| What do free nerve endings sense? | cold and heat
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| What do muscle spindle organs sense? | Proprioception/kinesthesia
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| What do Meissner corpuscles sense? | Discriminative touch/ vibration
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| What do golgi tendon organs sense | proprioception/kinesthesia
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| Describe the golgi reflex | Alpha motor neuron contracts skeletal muscle = golgi tendon organ sends afferent signals back to spinal cord = interneuron inhibits the same alpha neuron on ventral horn
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| What does the golgi reflex do | stops contraction/ protection from too much contraction
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| Describe the spindle reflex | as muscle stretches so does spindal and sends afferent excitatory message to alpha motor neurons in ventral horn = Alpha motor neuron contracts same muscle to counteract the stretch
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| What does the spindle reflex do? | Starts contraction/ protection from too much stretch
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| The direct pathway utilizes which type of lower motor neurons? | Alpha motor neurons
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| The indirect pathway utilizes which type of lower motor neurons? | Gamma motor neurons
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| Trace the path of the neurons from the eye to the brain. Where are the neurons and synapses | eye - Optic nerve - Optic Chiasm - (S) Lateral geniculate Body - (S) Primary visual cortex
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| What information can you obtain by shining a light into someone's eye? | Health of optic and occulomotor nerves (optic senses light oculomotor constricts pupil
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| When should you wear a concave lens to improve your vision | with myopia (nearsightedness)
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| When should you wear a convex lens to improve your vision? | with Hyperopia (far sightedness)
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| What are some purposes of the fovea? | allows the eye to focus light for visual discrimination
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| Binocular | portions of the visual field that are in common for both eyes
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| Monocular | lateral portion of the visual field that is perceived by only one eye
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| Diplopia | double vision
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| Scotoma | blind spot in visual field
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| Blind Spot | blind spot in retinal field where optic nerve is
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| Anopsias | large visual field deficits
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| Macular sparing | the loss of vision throughout wide areas of the visual field, with the exception of foveal vision
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| Why do we ask about otitis media during a case history for children coming into the speech hearing clinic? | Because of possible hearing loss' long-term effects on auditory processing and speech and language development during critical development time
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| What causes otitis media | inability of eustachian tubes to drain
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| What are treatment options for otitis media? | antibiotics, myringotomy tubes
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| Are Auditory signals processed ipsilaterally, contralaterally, or both? | both
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| Trace the path of an auditory signal to the brain, where are the synapes? | Cochlear nerve - (S)Cranial Nerve 8 - (S) Superior Olivary Nucleus - (S) Inferior colliculus - (S) Medial geniculate body - (S)Heschel's Gyrus
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