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Neuro study
Test 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the difference between the corticobulbar pathway and the corticospinal pathway? | Corticobulbar pathway crosses over at brainstem Corticospinal pathway crosses over at medulla |
| Where are the nuerons and synapses for controlling the muscle of the faces | cortex, brainstem, neuromuscular junction |
| What does the Corticospinal pathway control | Spinal nerves/muscles |
| What does the corticobulbar pathway control? | Cranial nerves/muscles |
| What are 3 consequences of damage to the corticobulbar pathway? | Tongue protrusion with damage to hypoglosseal (XII) nerve Voice change with paralyzed vocal folds with damage to Vagus (X) nerve Asymetrical smile due to damage of facial (VII) nerve |
| What is the structural difference between pyramidal and extrapyramidal pathways? | Pyramidal=direct pathway extrapyramidal = indirect pathway |
| What purpose does the pyramidal pathway serve? | voluntary movements |
| What purpose does the extrapyramidal pathway serve? | involuntary movements |
| What are 4 extrapyramidal pathways? | 1)Tectospinal tract 2)Rubrospinal tract 3)Vestibulospinal tract 4)Reticulospinal tract |
| Where does the Tectospinal tract synapse in the brainstem? | tectum (inferior & superior colliculi) |
| Where does the Rubrospinal tract synapse in the brainstem? | Red nucleus |
| Where does the vestibulospinal tract synapse in the brainstem? | Cranial Nerve 8 |
| Where does the reticulospinal tract synapse in the brainstem? | reticular formation |
| What is the difference between a motor unit and a neuromuscular junction? | motor unit = a single Alpha neuron and all corresponding muscle fibers it innervates Neuromuscular junction = synapse of the axon terminal of motor neuron and the motor end plate |
| How many muscle fibers can a neuron control | depends on the # of Axon collaterals |
| How is it possible to increase or decrease the force of a movement? | Recruit more motor units to the task |
| What are the 3 main purposes of the cerebellum | 1) monitors all cortical motor output to muscles 2) Matches motor and sensory commands 3) Sends a corrective input |
| Which lobes and deep nuclei of the cerebellum are most involved in speech? | posterior lobe dentate nucleus |
| What are 3 common symptoms of cerebellar damage? | Ipsilateral symptoms Motor control loss with out sensory loss or paralysis Gradual recovery |
| What are 3 common causes of cerebellar damage? | 1) stroke 2) chronic alcoholism 3) progressive hereditary neurological disease |
| What is ataxia? | segmentation/discoordination of movement |
| What is dysdiadochokinesia | inability to perform rapid, alternating movements |
| What is Dysarthria | Slow slurred disjointed speech |
| What is Dysmetria? | Missing a target by either over or undershooting |
| Action or Intention Tremor | Repetitive wavering during action - not during rest |
| Hypotonia | Slack muscle tone |
| Rebounding | lack of needed inhibition for sudden movement changes |
| Disequalibrium | walking as if drunk, not on balance |
| The basal ganglia is active most often in early or late learning? | Late learning |
| The cerebellum is active most often in early or late learning> | Early learning |
| Does the basal ganglia send messages directly to the cortex? | NO |
| What type of pathway is the basal ganglia | Indirect |
| Where does the pathway for the basal ganglia go before the cortex> | The talamus |
| Does the basal ganglia send excitatory or inhibitory messages to the thalamus? | Inhibitory |
| Within the vetrolateral thalamus, messages from the basal ganglia meet up with messages from what other major structure involved with movement control? | Cerebellum |
| Dyskinesia | Delay or inability to initiate a movement |
| Athetosis | Slow involuntary twisting of axial and speech muscles (writhing) |
| Ballism | Wild swinging movements of the arms and legs |
| Chorea | Rythmic and quick involuntary movements in distal muschles and face, tongue and pharynx (non-patterned) |
| Tremor | rythmic shakiness |
| Bradykinesia | Slow movements |
| Hypokinesia | Movements with limited range |
| What do nociceptors sense? | Pain/tissue destruction |
| What do Ruffini receptors sense? | diffuse touch/pressure |
| What do Pasiniam corpuscles sense? | discriminative touch/vibration |
| What do Merkel Receptors sense? | Diffuse touch/pressure |
| What do free nerve endings sense? | cold and heat |
| What do muscle spindle organs sense? | Proprioception/kinesthesia |
| What do Meissner corpuscles sense? | Discriminative touch/ vibration |
| What do golgi tendon organs sense | proprioception/kinesthesia |
| Describe the golgi reflex | Alpha motor neuron contracts skeletal muscle = golgi tendon organ sends afferent signals back to spinal cord = interneuron inhibits the same alpha neuron on ventral horn |
| What does the golgi reflex do | stops contraction/ protection from too much contraction |
| Describe the spindle reflex | as muscle stretches so does spindal and sends afferent excitatory message to alpha motor neurons in ventral horn = Alpha motor neuron contracts same muscle to counteract the stretch |
| What does the spindle reflex do? | Starts contraction/ protection from too much stretch |
| The direct pathway utilizes which type of lower motor neurons? | Alpha motor neurons |
| The indirect pathway utilizes which type of lower motor neurons? | Gamma motor neurons |
| Trace the path of the neurons from the eye to the brain. Where are the neurons and synapses | eye - Optic nerve - Optic Chiasm - (S) Lateral geniculate Body - (S) Primary visual cortex |
| What information can you obtain by shining a light into someone's eye? | Health of optic and occulomotor nerves (optic senses light oculomotor constricts pupil |
| When should you wear a concave lens to improve your vision | with myopia (nearsightedness) |
| When should you wear a convex lens to improve your vision? | with Hyperopia (far sightedness) |
| What are some purposes of the fovea? | allows the eye to focus light for visual discrimination |
| Binocular | portions of the visual field that are in common for both eyes |
| Monocular | lateral portion of the visual field that is perceived by only one eye |
| Diplopia | double vision |
| Scotoma | blind spot in visual field |
| Blind Spot | blind spot in retinal field where optic nerve is |
| Anopsias | large visual field deficits |
| Macular sparing | the loss of vision throughout wide areas of the visual field, with the exception of foveal vision |
| Why do we ask about otitis media during a case history for children coming into the speech hearing clinic? | Because of possible hearing loss' long-term effects on auditory processing and speech and language development during critical development time |
| What causes otitis media | inability of eustachian tubes to drain |
| What are treatment options for otitis media? | antibiotics, myringotomy tubes |
| Are Auditory signals processed ipsilaterally, contralaterally, or both? | both |
| Trace the path of an auditory signal to the brain, where are the synapes? | Cochlear nerve - (S)Cranial Nerve 8 - (S) Superior Olivary Nucleus - (S) Inferior colliculus - (S) Medial geniculate body - (S)Heschel's Gyrus |
Created by:
ersa0501
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