Mod 6 - Microbiology
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| show | The study of microorganisms (microbes):
- Viruses
- Bacteria
- Parasites
- Fungi
- Others
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| show | PROKARYOTES DO NOT HAVE:
- membrane bound nucleus
- membrane bound organelles
- DNA that is organized into chromosomes.
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| Prokaryotes Classification | show 🗑
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| show | - Cytoplasm
- Ribosomes
- Nucleoid (chromosome)
- Inclusion Bodies
- Some prokaryotes secrete a capsule & have plasmids.
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| Prokaryotic Cytoplasm | show 🗑
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| show | - Consists of RNA and protein
- Used in protein synthesis
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| Prokaryotic Nucleoid | show 🗑
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| Prokaryote Inclusion Bodies | show 🗑
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| show | A protective structure that serves as a defense mechanism in some prokaryotes consisting of:
- Tightly bound wall with complex polysaccharide molecules that form a gel-like covering that surrounds the bacterial cell.
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| show | Some prokayrotes contain a self-replicating extrachromosomal DNA that carry 1 or more pieces of genetic information, not required to sustain life.
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| Prokaryote Cell Structure | show 🗑
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| show | - Regulates transport of material in and out of the cell
- Made of phospholipids
- Long-chain fatty acids and proteins
- Selectively permeable
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| show | Large polymer which makes up a prokaryote cell membrane with an immense, covalently-linked molecule linked in multi-layers resembling a "chain-link" fence
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| show | Filamentous organelles of locomotion found on half all known bacteria
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| show | Various degrees of movement
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| show | Tiny, tube-like projections from the cell's surface associated with adherence
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| Prokaryotic Bacterial Cells: (Shape & Arrangement) | show 🗑
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| show | Spherical bacterial cells
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| show | Rod-shaped bacterial cell resembling a hot dog
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| show | Comma shaped bacterial cell
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| show | Bacterial cell shaped between cocci & bacilli
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| Spirillia | show 🗑
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| Spirochetes | show 🗑
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| show | Method used to group bacteria into 2 different catagories:
- Gram positive bacteria (purple)
- Gram negative bacteria (pink)
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| Gram-Positive Bacteria | show 🗑
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| Gram-Negative Bacteria | show 🗑
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| Gram Stain Method | show 🗑
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| show | - Cocci in pairs
- Ex.: Gonorrhea
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| show | - Cocci in chains
- Ex.: Aureus, Boils
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| show | - Cocci in grape like pairs
- Ex.: Staphylo (irregular clusters)
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| show | - Can be liquid or semi-solid
- 3 Different Types:
< Enriched Media
< Selective Media
< Differential Media
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| show | - Group of four
- Micrococcus
- Rarely pathogenic
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| show | encourages the growth of most bacteria (Sheep's blood "Agar plate")
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| Selective Media | show 🗑
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| show | Groups bacteria based on the fermentation of carbohydrates ("MacConkey" Agar)
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| show | Used in both Selective and Differential Media
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| Aerobes | show 🗑
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| Anaerobes | show 🗑
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| Microaerophilis | show 🗑
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| Binary Fission | show 🗑
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| show | - Gear up phase
- Organisms not greatly increasing in #, but metabolically active
< Growing, synthesizing enzymes, & producing lrg. amounts of ATP
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| show | - Once bacteria have adapted to nutrient-rich environment, growth is exponential (Logarithmic)
- Generation time: genetically determined period of log. growth
- Varies by species (min to hr)
- Ex.: generation = 20 min
< 1000 org/ml - initial
<
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| Stationary Phase | show 🗑
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| show | - # of cells dying is greater than the # of new cells arising from division
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| show | - "Living together" in relation to bacteria
- 3 Different types:
< Mutualism
< Parasitism
< Commensalism
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| show | - Both the host & the microorganism benefit
< E. coli, a bacterium that lives in the large intestines
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| show | - One organism benefits, the other is harmed
< Tapeworm, Malaria
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| show | - One organism benefits, the other is neutral
< skin bacteria, normal flora
< majority of microbes
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| show | - Organisms that live on or in the body but do not usually cause disease (commensals)
< skin, conjunctiva, mouth, nose, throat, urinary tract, reproductive, & GI tracts.
- Nutrients from oils & sweat facilitate colonization up to a dozen staph specie
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| Normal Flora in Infants | show 🗑
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| show | Organisms found on/in specific areas of the body
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| Transient Microflora | show 🗑
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| Pathogenicity | show 🗑
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| show | Term used to describe the intensity of bacterial & other microbial infections
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| show | 3 Types:
- Adherence
- Colonization
- Formation of a capsule
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| show | Bacteria use pili to cling to surface of host cells, multiply & form colonies
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| show | Once in place within host tissue, bacterial replication forms colonies and may overcome host defenses.
< colonization in small #s of non-invasive organisms is normal in all animals
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| show | Capsule contributes to organism's virulence due to thick, polysaccharides structure - helps to resist host defense processes
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| show | Ability of organisms to penetrate host tissue, usually by special enzyme
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| show | 3 Different Types:
- Hyaluronidase
- Coagulase
- Streptokinase and Staphylokinase
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| show | Attacks hyaluronic acid, the ground substance of connective tissue
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| Coagulase | show 🗑
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| show | Digest fibrin & prevent the clotting of blood
< "flesh-eating bacteria" ex. of organism that produces streptokinase
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| show | Secreted primarily by Gram-positive organisms
< Gram (+) = botulism, gas gangrene, tetanus, staphylococcal food poisoning
< Gram (-) = E. coli O157:H7 Shiga toxin
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| show | - Release from Gram (-) bacteria when they die
- Non-specific gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, cramping, & generalized malaise
< Ex.: cholera, salmonella
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| show | - Dormant form
- Form when conditions are unfavorable for growth
- Survive under harsh conditions
< excessive heat or cold
- Revert to active under favorable conditions
- Clostridia species that cause tetanus, botulism, & gas gangrene form endosp
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| show | Bacteria can exchange genetic material 3 different ways:
< Transformation
< Transduction
< Conjugation
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| show | - DNA is acquired directly from the environment which was released from another cell through lysis etc.
- Fragments are then "spliced" into the host cell's DNA
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| Transduction | show 🗑
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| show | - Requires contact between 2 bacteria
- utilizes a plasmid
- transfers a greater amount of DNA than transformation or transduction
- DNA is to be transferred from a donor cell to a recipient cell
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| F-Pilus | show 🗑
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| Plasmid | show 🗑
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| Resistance Transfer Factors | show 🗑
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| Genetic Recombination | show 🗑
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| Antimicrobial Agents | show 🗑
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| show | Antimicrobial agent containing substances derived from other organisms
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| show | Antimicrobial classifications:
< Broad Spectrum
< Narrow Spectrum
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| show | Antimicrobials which are effective against a wide range of microorganisms including both gram (+) & gram (-) bacteria
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| Narrow Spectrum | show 🗑
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| Bacteriocidal Drug | show 🗑
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| Bacteriostatic Drug | show 🗑
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| Resistance Factors (Causes of) | show 🗑
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| show | - Uses paper discs impregnated with specific concentration of the antimicrobial to be tested
- Result reported as either:
< Sensitive: stays away from seed; inhibiting
< Intermediate
< Resistant: grows up to seed
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| show | Pharyngitis
- infections of upper tract:
< pharynx
< ears
< eyes
< sinuses
< upper bronchioles
- e.g. Strep throat caused by Streptococcus pyogenes
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| show | - Pneumonias
- Casulated organisms that cause pneumonias include:
< haemophilus influenza
< Klebsiella pheumoniae
< Streptococcus pneumoniae
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| show | - Gastrointestinal
- Contaminated food or water
< Salmonella (raw eggs)
< Shigella
< Staphylococcus aureus
< E. coli O157:H7 (raw hamburger, contaminated fecal material)
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| show | - Meningitis
< haemophilus influenzae (children)
< Neisseria meningitidis
< Vaccines available for both
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| Toxin-Induced Infections | show 🗑
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| show | 2 Different Classes:
- Chlamydia
- Rickettsias
- To a lesser extent: Mycoplasmas
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| Chlamydia Trachomatis | show 🗑
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| show | - Obligate intracellular parasite
- Transmitted by a vector (ex. ticks & lice)
- Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF)
- To human transmitted through the bite of the vector
- Rocky Mountian spotted fever, Lyme Disease
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| Mycoplasma Pneumoniae | show 🗑
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| Mycoplasmas | show 🗑
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| show | - Obligate Intracellular Parasite
- Replicates w/n host cell
- virus provides RNA or DNA to replicate
- Host cell provides energy & resource
- Contain RNA or DNA (not both)
< RNA viruses contain code for reverse transcriptase, enzyme which makes D
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| Viral Structure | show 🗑
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| show | Either a single or double strand of DNA or RNA, differing among viral groups
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| Capsids | show 🗑
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| show | Individual protein subunits found in a capsid
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| show | Combined capsid/nucleic acid arrangement
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| Viral Envelope | show 🗑
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| show | A projection, usually glycoprotein molecules, that attach to specific sites on host cell wall
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| Viral Replication | show 🗑
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| Adsorption (Viral Replication - Step 1) | show 🗑
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| show | Virus enters host cell (endocytosis or fusion) and "uncoats" (takes off envelope and capsid)
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| show | Utilizes host nucleus to make new genetic material
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| show | Virus is packaged into new complete virons
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| Release (Viral Replication - Step 5) | show 🗑
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| Uncoating | show 🗑
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| Viral Pathogenicity | show 🗑
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| Acute Infections | show 🗑
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| Latent/Persistent Infections | show 🗑
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| show | Epstein-Barr Virus (infectious mononucleosis) & Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
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| Oncogenic Viruses | show 🗑
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| show | Uncontrolled and abnormal division of host cells
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| show | Antiviral therapy which inhibits viral activity
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| show | - Infectious proteins w/o genetic material
- Come in contact w/normal proteins and transform them into infectious
- Affects cells of the brain
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease ("mad cow")
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| Infectious Particle | show 🗑
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| Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies | show 🗑
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| Prion Characteristics | show 🗑
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| Fungi | show 🗑
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| Spores | show 🗑
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| show | - Multicellular fungi
- One or more spores grows into filamentous, thread-like mass called "mycelium"
- Ex.: Athlete's foot, jock itch & ringworm
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| show | - Unicellular fungi
- important in beer, bread, and alcohol production
- most common yeast infection: Candida albicans (infections: mouth & pharynx = thrush); vaginitis
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| show | - Parasites except Helminths (worms)
- found in the Kingdom Protista
- single-celled organism
2 Different Stages:
- Motile trophozoite
> infective stage
- Cyst stage
> dormant state
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| show | - Live at expense of host
- Transmitted to humans by vectors
> Biological = mosquito transmitting malaria
> Mechanical = transmission of parasite eggs to food by flies & other insects
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| show | - Known as "worms"
- multicellular
- found in Kingdom Animalia
- 4 Different Groups:
> Flukes
> Tapeworms
> Roundworms
> Tissue Parasites
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| Trophozoite Stage | show 🗑
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| show | Stage of the protozoa which allows the organism to survive in a dormant state in the external enviroment
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| show | - Giardia Lamblia:
> ingesting cysts from animal contaminated water
> intense gastrointestinal (GI) distress & diarrhea
- Cryptosporidium:
> self-limiting GI symptoms
> if infected, can become carrier
> recently associated w/recreati
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| show | Mosquito which serves as the definitive host in Malaria
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| show | - Hosts are definitive or intermediate
> Definitive: harbor parasite when it reproduces
> Intermediate: harbor parasite during a developmental stage in the parasite's life cycle
> Accidental: not part of the normal cycle; "dead end" hosts
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| show | - Segmented worms that contain a head (scolex) and many segments call "proglottids"
- Hermaphrodites
- Infective stage is larvae found in cattle & swine
- Most prevalent in
> Beef & Pork (taenia)
> Fish (Dibothrocephalus)
- Several cm to meter
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| Roundworms (intestinal) | show 🗑
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