Medical Terminology Sys.: A Body Sys. App. 6th Ed.
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| appendage | body part attached to main structure
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| articulation | place of union between two or more bones; joint
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| cancellous | spongy or porous structure, as found at ends of long bones
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| cruciate ligaments | crossing ligaments forming an X within notch between femoral condyles
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| hematopoiesis | production and development of blood cells; in bone marrow
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| adduction | moves closer to the midline
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| abduction | moves away from the midline
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| flexion | decreases the angle of a joint
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| extension | increases the angle of a joint
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| rotation | moves a bone around its own axis
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| pronation | turns the palm down
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| supination | turns the palm up
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| inversion | moves the sole of the foot inward
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| eversion | moves the sole of the foot outward
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| dorsiflexion | elevates the foot
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| plantar flexion | lowers the foot (points the toes)
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| bone projections nonarticulating surfaces | trochanter, very large, irregulary shaped process found only on the femur-greater trochanter of the femur
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| bone projections sites of muscle and ligament attachment | tubercle of the femur, small rounded process, & tuberosity of the humerus, large rounded process
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| bone articulating surfaces that form joints | condyle of the humerus, rounded articulating knob & head of the femur, prominent rounded articulating end
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| bone depressions and openings | blood vessel, nerve, & duct passage sites:I.foramen rounded opening of the skull,
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| bone depressions and openings | blood vessel, nerve, & duct passage sites:IIcranial nerves;II.fissue,narrow slit, of shpenoid bones;
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| bone depressions and openings | blood vessel, nerve, & duct passage sites:III.meatus,passage or opening into a bone, external auditory meatus of the temporal bone;
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| bone depressions and openings | blood vessel, nerve, & duct passage sites:IV.sinus,cavity or hollow space in a bone, cavity of frontal sinus
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| ankyl/o | stiffness, bent, crooked ankyl/osis abnormal condition of stiffness; joint & rheumatoid arthritis
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| arthr/o | joint arthr/itis inflammation of a joint
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| kyph/o | humpback kyph/osis abnormal condition of a humpback posture
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| lamin/o | lamina(part of vertebral arch) lamin/ectomy excision of the lamina
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| lord/o | curve,swayback lord/osis abnormal condition of a swayback posture
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| myel/o | bone marrow; spinal cord myel/o/cyte bone marrow cell
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| orth/o | straight orth/o/ped/ist specialist in treatment of musculoskeletal disorders
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| oste/o | bone oste/oma tumor composed of bone
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| ped/o | foot;child ped/o/graph instrument for recording the foot, imprint on paper, gait (manner of walking)
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| ped/i | ped/i/cure care of feet
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| scoli/o | crooked,bent scoli/osis abnormal bending of the spine
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| thorac/o | chest thorac/o/dynia pain in the chest
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| acromi/o | acromion(projection of scapula) acromi/al pertaining to the acromion
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| brachi/o | arm brachi/algia pain in the arm
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| calcane/o | calcaneum(heel bone) calcane/o/dynia pain in the heel
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| carp/o | carpus(wrist bone) carp/o/ptosis wrist drop, prolapse, downward displacement
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| cephal/o | head cephal/ad toward the head
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| cervic/o | neck; cervix uteri(neck of uterus) cervic/o/dynia pain in the neck; a.k.a. cervical neuralgia
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| clavicul/o | clavicle(collar bone) clavicul/ar pertaining to the clavicle
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| cost/o | ribs cost/ectomy excision,removal of a rib
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| crani/o | cranium(skull) crani/o/tomy incision of the cranium
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| dactyl/o | fingers; toes dactyl/itis inflammation of the fingers or toes
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| femor/o | femur(thigh bone) femor/al pertaining to the femur
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| fibul/o | fibula(smaller bone of lower leg) fibul/o/calcane/al pertaining to the fibula and calcaneus(heel bone)
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| humer/o | humerus(upper arm bone) humer/o/scapul/ar relating to the humerus and scapula
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| ili/o | ilium(lateral,flaring portion of hip bone) ili/o/pelv/ic pertaining to the iliac area of the pelvis
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| ischi/o | ischium(lower portion of the hop bone) ischi/o/dynia pain in the ischium
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| lumb/o | loins(lower back) lumb/o/dynia pain in lumbar region of the back; a.k.a. lumbago
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| metacarp/o | metacarpus(hand bones) metacarp/ectomy excision of metacarpal bone(s)
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| metatars/o | metatarsus(foot bones) metatars/algia pain in the metatarsus
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| patell/o | patella(kneecap) patell/ectomy removal of the patella
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| pelv/i & pelv/o | pelvis pelv/i/metry act of measuring of the pelvis performed in obstetrical menagement pelv/ic pertaining to the pelvis
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| phalang/o | phalanges(bones of the fingers and toes) phalang/ectomy excision of phalanges
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| pod/o | foot pod/iatry treatment of the feet
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| pub/o | pelvis bone(anterior part of pelvic bone) pub/o/coccyg/eal pertaining to the pubis and the coccyx(tailbone)
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| radi/o | radiation, x-ray; radius (lower arm bone on thumb side) radi/al pertaining to the radius
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| spondyl/o & vertebr/o | vertebrae(backbone) spondyl/itis inflammation of the vertebrae inter/vertebr/al relating to the area between two vertebrae
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| stern/o | sternum(breastbone) stern/ad toward the sternum
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| tibi/o | tibia(larger bone of lower leg) tibi/o/femor/al pertaining to the tibia and femur
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| leiomy/o | smooth muscle(visceral) leiomy/oma tumor of smooth muscle
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| muscul/o & my/o | muscle muscul/ar pertaining to muscles; my/oma tumor of muscle(tissue)
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| rhabd/o | rod-shaped(striated) rhabd/oid resembling a rod
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| rhabdomy/o | rod-shaped(striated) muscle rhadbomy/oma tumor composed of striated muscular tissue
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| chondr/o | cartilage chondr/itis inflammation of cartilage
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| fasci/o | band, fascia(fibrous membrane supporting and separating muscles) faci/o/plasty surgical repair of fascia
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| fibr/o | fiber, fibrous tissue fibr/oma tumor of fibrous tissue
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| synov/o | synovial membrane, synovial fluid synov/ectomy removal of a synovial membrane
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| ten/o & tend/o & tendin/o | tendon ten/o/desis surgical binding or fixation of a tendon; tend/o/plasty surgical repair of a tendon; tendin/itis inflammation of a tendon
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| asthenia | weakness,debility my/asthenia weakness of muscle (and abnormal fatigue)
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| -blast | embryonic cell my/o/blast embryonic cell that develops into muscle
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| -clasia | to break; surgical fracture oste/o/clasia surgical fracture of a bone
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| -clast | to break oste/o/clast cell that breaks down bone
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| -desis | binding,fixation(of a bone or joint) arthr/o/desis binding together of a joing
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| -malacia | softening chondro/o/malacia softening of cartilage
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| -physis | growth epi/physis growth upon(the end of a long bone)
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| -porosis | porous oste/o/porosis porous bone
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| -scopy | visual examination arthr/o/scopy visual examination of a joint
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| a- | without,not a/trophy without nourishment
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| dys- | bad;painful;difficult dys/trophy disorder caused by defective nutrition or metabolism
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| sub- | under,below sub/patell/ar pertaining to below the patella(kneecap)
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| supra- | above; excessive; superior supra/cost/al pertaining to above the ribs
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| syn- | union, together, joined syn/dactyl/ism condition of joined fingers or toes
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| ankylosis | stiffness,bent,crooked stiffening and immobility of a joint as a result of disease, trauma, surgery, or abnormal bone fusion
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| carpal tunnel syndrome(CTS) | painful condition resulting from compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel(wrist canal through which flexor tendons and the median nerve pass)
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| claudication | lameness,limping
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| contracture | fibrosis of connective tissue in the skin,facia,muscle, or joint capsule that prevents normal mobility of the related tissue or joint
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| crepitation | dry,grating sound or sensation caused by bone ends rubbing together, indicating a fracture or joint destruction
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| electromyography | use of electrical stimulation to record the strength of muscle contraction
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| exacerbation | increase in severity of a disease or any of its symptoms
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| ganglion cyst | tumor of tendon sheath or joint capsule, commonly found in the wrist
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| hemarthrosis | effusion of blood into a joint cavity
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| hypothonia | loss of muscular tone or a diminished resistance to passive stretching
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| multiple myeloma | primary malignant tumor that infiltrates the bone and red bone marrow
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| osteophyte | bony outgrowth that occasionally develops on the vertebra and may exert pressure on the spinal cord also called bone spur
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| phantom limb | perceived sensation, following amputation of a limb, that the limb still exists
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| prothesis | replacement of a missing part by an artificial substitute, such as an artificial extremity
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| rickets | form of osteomalacia in children caused by vitamin D deficiency; also called rachitis
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| sequestrum | fragment of necrosed bone that has become separated from surrounding tissue
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| spondylolisthesis | any slipping (subluxation) of a vertebra from its normal position in relationship to the one beneath it
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| spondylosis | degeneration of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae and related tissues; may cause pressure on nerve roots w/ subsequent pain or paresthesia in the extremities
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| sprain | to exert physical force in a manner that may result in injury, usually muscular
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| subluxation | partial or incomplete dislocation
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| talipes equinovarus | congenital deformity of one or both feet in which the foot is pulled downward and laterally to the side; also called clubfoot (heel never touches the ground; casts are applied to progressively straighten the foot)
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| arthrography | series of radiographs taken after injection of contrast material into a joint cavity, especially the knee or shoulder, to outline the contour of the joint
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| bone density tests | radiographic procedures that use low-energy x-ray absorption to measure bone mineral density (BMD)
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| computed tomography(CT) | imaging technique that uses an x-ray beam and a computer to make a series of cross-sectional images of a body part, which together make up a three dimensional view of the area scanned; formerly called computerized axial tomography (CAT)
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| discography | radiological examination of the intervertebral disk structures by injecting a contrast medium
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| lumbosacral spinal radiography | radiography of the five lumbar vertebrae and the fused scral vertebrae, including anteroposterior, lateral, and oblique views of the lower spine to identify or differentiate traumatic fractures, spondylosis, spondylolithesis, and metastatic tumor
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| myelography | radiography of the spinal cord after injection of contrast medium to identify and study spinal distortions caused by tumors, cysts, herniated intervertebral disks, or other lesions
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| scintigraphy | nuclear medicine procedure that visualizes various tissues and organs after administration of a radionuclide
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| bone | scintigraphy procedure in which radionuclide is injected intravenously and taken up into the bone
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| reduction | procedure that restores a bone to its normal position
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| closed | reduction procedure where fractured bones are realigned by manipulation rather than surgery
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| open | reduction procedure that treats bone fractures by placing bones in their proper position using surgery
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| casting | application of a solid, stiff dressing formed with plaster of Paris or other material to a body part to immobilize it during the healing process
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| traction | use of weights and pulleys to align or immobilize a fracture and facilitate the healing process
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| amputation | partial or complete removal of an extremity due to trauma or circulatory disease
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| arthrocentesis | puncture of a joint space using a needle to remove accumulated fluid
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| arthroclasia | surgical breaking of an ankylosed joint to provide movement
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| arthroscopy | visual examination of the interior of a joint and its structures using a thin, flexible scope called an arthroscope that contains a magnifying lens, fiberoptic light, and a miniature camera that projects images on a monitor
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| bone grafting | implanting or transplanting bone tissue from another part of the body or from another person to serve as replacement for damaged or missing bone tissue
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| bursectomy | excision of bursa(padlike sac or cavity found in connective tissue, usually the vicinity of joints)
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| laminectomy | excision of the posterior arch of a vertebra; relieve symptoms of a ruptured intervertebral (slipped) disk
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| revision surgery | surgery repeated to correct problems of a previously unsuccessful surgery or to replace a worn out prothesis
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| sequestrectomy | excision of a sequestrum(segment of necrosed bone)
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| synovectomy | excision of a synovial membrane
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| total hip replacement | surgical procedure to replace a hip joint damaged by a degenerative disease, commonly arthritis
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| calcium supplements | treat and prevent hypocalcemia; calcium carbonate & calcium citrate
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| gold salts | treat rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting activity within the immune system; auranofin & aurothioglucose
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| nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | decrease pain and suppress inflammation treats: sprains & strains, rheumatiod arthritis, osteoarthritis, bursitis, gout, and tendinitis; ibuprofin & naproxen
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| salicylates | relieve mild to moderate pain and reduce inflammation treats arthritis; aspirin & magnesium salicylate
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| skeletal muscle relaxants | relieve muscle spasms and stiffness; cyclobenzaprine & methocarbomol and aspirin
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