Biotechnology and Molecular Biology
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| Genetics is considered what kind of science? | show 🗑
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| Genetic engineering is what kind of science? | show 🗑
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| DNA unwinding | show 🗑
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| Restriction endonucleases | show 🗑
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| show | Used in labs to cleave the strand at desired sites
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| Palindromes | show 🗑
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| show | named by combining first letter of bacterial genus, first two letters of the species, and endonuclease number. EcoRI is the first endonuclease in E. coli and HindIII is the third nuclease in Haemophilus influenzae
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| show | the short tails of severed DNA
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| Restriction fragments | show 🗑
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| restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPS) | show 🗑
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| Ligase | show 🗑
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| show | enzyme; converts RNA into DNA
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| show | can be made from mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, et al. Provides valuable means of synthesizing eukaryotic genes from mRNA transcripts.
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| show | produces readable pattern of DNA fragments; sample placed in soft agar gel, subjected to electric current; DNA phosphate grps give molecule neg charge, causes DNA to move toward pos pole in gel; Rate of movement depends on size of fragments (large = slow)
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| Hybridize | show 🗑
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| show | oligonucleotide tracers; short stretch of DNA of a known sequence that will base-pair w/ stretch of DNA w/ complementary sequence; detects specific sequences in unknown samples; Reactions revealed by placing photographic film in contact w/ test reaction.
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| show | technique that separates fragments of DNA using electrophoresis and identifies them by hybridization
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| show | fluorescent in situ hybridization; probes applied to intact cells and observed microscopically for the presence and location of specific genetic marker sequences on genes; effective way to locate genes on chromosomes
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| show | DNA sequencing, sanger method, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) DNA sequencing
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| Sanger method | show 🗑
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| Polymerase chain reaction | show 🗑
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| Primers | show 🗑
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| DNA polymerases | show 🗑
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| Steps in PCR cycle | show 🗑
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| show | DNAs formed in first cycle become amplicons upon denaturization; heating target DNA to 94 degrees C to separate it into two strands; then system is cooled to between 50 and 65 depending on nucleotide sequence
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| show | primers added in a concentration that favors binding to the complementary strand of test DNA; reaction prepares the two DNA strands now called amplicons for synthesis.
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| show | DNA polymerase and raw materials in the form of nucelotides are added
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| show | to deliberately remove genetic material from one organism and combine it with that of a different organism.
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| Cloning | show 🗑
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| Clones | show 🗑
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| show | receiver of propagated gene from another organism; usually a plasmid or virus; it will insert the DNA into the cloning host.
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| show | usually a bacterium or yeast that can replicate the gene and translate it into the protein product for which it codes.
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| Technical aspects of recombinant DNA and gene cloning | show 🗑
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| Characteristics of cloning vectors | show 🗑
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| Charon phage | show 🗑
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| show | Human growth hormone, Insulin, Clotting factor VIII
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| show | Recombinant organisms produced through introduction of foreign genes are called transgenic or genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
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| show | Modified bacteria and viruses
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| Gene therapy | show 🗑
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| show | normal gene is cloned in vectors (retroviruses or adenoviruses). Tissues from patient are incubated w/ these viruses to transfect them with the normal gene. The transfected cells are then reintroduced into the patient’s body by transfusion.
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| show | therapy skips the intermediate step of incubation; instead, naked DNA or a virus vector is directly introduced into the patient’s tissues.
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| show | treatment prevents transcription or translation of a gene that is unwanted.
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| show | Targeting mRNA; when binds to its particular mRNA the double-stranded RNA is inaccessible to the ribosome, resulting in loss of translation of that mRNA; the reading of that mRNA transcript on ribosomes will be blocked and the gene product will not be syn
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| show | A unique picture of a genome
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| What is a restriction enzyme? | show 🗑
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| What evolutionary advantage does a restriction enzyme confer on the bacterium that makes it? | show 🗑
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| show | A clone is an animal that is genetically the same as its parent. It shows no recombination and no variation.
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| show | DNA to be sequenced cut into large number of short fragments and separated; test strands denatured to expose single strands to act as templates for complementary strands; fragments divided into 4 separate tubes w/ fluorescent/radioactive primers indicatin
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| show | The exact way nucleotides are combined is unique for each organism; DNA fingerprinting emphasizes these differences and arrays the genome in a pattern for comparison. It can be used for medical diagnosis, genetic ancestry information, and forensics.
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| What is a limitation of DNA fingerprinting? | show 🗑
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| When DNA is used as a probe what rules define what the probe will bind to? What factors affect this binding? | show 🗑
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| show | Short Tandem Repeats found in noncoding portions of genome; they do not have protein functionality.
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| How are STRs used in criminal investigations? Dose STR analysis have the same limitations as DNA fingerprinting? | show 🗑
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| show | A recombinant organism is produced through the introduction of foreign genes that have been inserted into their genome purposefully. They could also be called transgenic or genetically modified.
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| Describe a useful medical product made by recombinant DNA technology. | show 🗑
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| When was the last time you cloned something? What was it? Why was it a clone? | show 🗑
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