A&P 2 - Exam 2 - Part 1 - Blood
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| What is dependent on the continual transport of blood to and from cells? | homeostasis
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| ___________ makes up 55% of blood. | plasma
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| ___________ make up 45% of blood. | formed elements
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| What is the volume of blood in females? | 4-5 liters
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| What is the volume of blood in males? | 5-6 liters
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| 1 unit equals how many liters? | about 0.5 liters
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| The direct method of blood volume measurement requires what? | removal of all blood
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| The indirect method of blood volume measurement involves what? | injection of a known amount of red blood cells tagged with radioisotopes
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| What is the term that is defined as "the percentage of blood volume that is occupied by red blood cells"? | hematocrit or packed cell volume (pcv)
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| Hematocrit is also known as __________. | packed cell volume (pcv)
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| What is a normal hematocrit for males? | 45%
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| What is a normal hematocrit for females? | 42%
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| Too much formed elements is known as what? | polycythemia
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| Red blood cells are also know as _____________. | erythrocytes
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| The nucleus in a red blood cell is __________. | absent
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| The shape of a red blood cell is a ___________ disk. | biconcave
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| What is the diameter of a red blood cell? | 7.5 µm
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| Red blood cells are filled with ____________. | hemoglobin
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| What is the abbreviation for hemoglobin? | Hb
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| Red blood cells have a _________ plasma membrane. | thin
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| How many red blood cells per millimeter cubed in males? | 5,500,000
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| How many red blood cells per millimeter cubed in females? | 4,800,000
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| What is the function of red blood cells? | transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
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| How many Hemoglobin (Hb) molecules are there per red blood cell? | 200-300 million
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| How many oxygen molecules are carried by each hemoglobin (Hb) molecule? | 4
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| What is the normal hemoglobin value in males? | 14-16g per 100mL of blood
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| What is the normal hemoglobin value in females? | 12-14g per 100mL of blood
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| Anemia: less than ________ of hemoglobin per 100 mL of blood | 10g
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| Less than 10g of hemoglobin per 100 mL of blood is _____________ | anemia
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| What is the formation of red blood cells known as? | erythropoiesis
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| What are hemopoietic stem cells? | hemocytoblasts
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| ______________ go through stages to form erythrocytes. | hemocytoblasts
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| What is the stimulus for red blood cell formation? | erythropoietin
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| Erythropoietin is produced continually by the ___________. | liver
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| The stimulus for increased increased red blood cell formation is _____________ levels in the kidney. | low oxygen
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| The stimulus for increased red blood cell formation is low oxygen levels in the __________. | kidney
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| ____________ stimulates the hemocytoblasts to produce more red blood cells. | erythropoietin
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| Erythropoietin stimulates the ______________ to produce more red blood cells. | hemocytoblasts
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| Red blood cells last about _________ days. | 120
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| Macrophage cells in the ___________ phagocytose old red blood cells. | liver and spleen
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| Most components of old red blood cells are _____________. | recycled
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| White blood cells are also know as ____________. | leukocytes
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| Granulocytes have ___________ in cytoplasm. | granules
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| Granulocytes have ___________ nuclei. | lobed
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| Name the granulocytes | neutrophils, eosinophils & basophils
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| Neutrophils are what percentage of total white blood cells? | 65-75%
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| ___________ increase in number during acute infections. | neutrophils
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| Neutrophils increase in number during ________ infections. | acute
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| Eosinophils are what percentage of circulating white blood cells? | 2-5%
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| ___________ increase in number during allergic reactions and parasitic worm infections. | eosinophils
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| Eosinophils increase in number during ______________. | allergic reactions and parasitic worm infections
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| Basophils are what percentage of total white blood cells? | .5-1%
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| ___________ increase in number during allergic reactions and periods of inflammation. | basophils
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| Basophils increase in number during ____________. | allergic reactions and periods of inflammation
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| Name the agranulocytes. | lymphocytes & monocytes
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| Agranulocytes have ___________ in cytoplasm. | no granules
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| Agranulocytes have ___________ nuclei. | unlobed
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| Lymphocytes are what percentage of total white blood cells? | 20-25%
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| What two types of lymphocytes are important in the immune response? | thymic and bursal lymphocytes
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| T cells are also known as what? | thymic or T lymphocytes
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| B cells are also known as what? | bursal or B lymphocytes
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| Monocytes are what percentage of total white blood cells? | 3-8%
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| __________ become macrophages in the tissues. | monocytes
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| Monocytes become ____________ in the tissues. | macrophages
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| Normal white blood cell numbers are ____________. | 5000 to 9000 per mm cubed
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| ____________ go through different differentiation and then various stages to form each type of white blood cell. | hemopoietic stem cells (hemocytoblasts)
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| Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and some lymphocytes and monocytes originate in ____________ tissue. | red marrow
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| Most lymphocytes and monocytes originate in ____________ tissue. | lymphoid
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| Platelets are also known as ___________. | thrombocytes
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| Normal platelet count is ___________. | 150,000 to 350,000 per mm cubed
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| Platelets are ___________ in diameter. | 2-4 µm
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| The plasma membrane of platelets is made up of bound particles of cytoplasm containing ____________. | clotting factors
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| The two functions of platelets are _________. | hemostasis, coagulation
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| What is the platelet caused stoppage of blood flow? | hemostasis
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| How does hemostasis by platelets occur? | a platelet plug is formed by platelets sticking together (sticky platelets)
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| What is the platelet caused formation of a fibrin clot? | coagulation
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| The average survival of platelets is ___________. | about 7 days
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| In platelet formation, hemopoietic stems cells (hemocytoblasts) form _____________ which then form _____________. | megkaryoblasts, megakaryocytes
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| Megakaryocytes form membrane bound cytoplasmic fragments known as ___________. | platelets
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| Blood type is determined by the type of ______________ present on the red blood cell. | agglutinogens
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| Agglutinogens are self ___________. | antigens
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| Agglutinins are also known as _____________. | antibodies
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| Antibodies are also known as _____________. | agglutinins
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| A transfusion reaction between non-compatible bloods is ____________. | agglutination
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| Agglutinins are plasma antibodies that cause _____________ in red blood cells with specific agglutinogens. | agglutination
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| Reactions between agglutinogens and agglutinins of non-compatible blood cause red blood cells to ____________. | agglutinate
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| Two of the several blood type systems are the ____________. | ABO system and the Rh system
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| In type A blood, red blood cells have agglutinogen ____ and the plasma has agglutinin _______. | A, anti-B
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| In type B blood, red blood cells have agglutinogen ____ and the plasma has agglutinin _______. | B, anti-A
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| In type AB blood, red blood cells have agglutinogen ____ and the plasma has agglutinin _______. | A&B, no agglutinin (no anti-A or B)
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| In type O blood, red blood cells have agglutinogen ____ and the plasma has agglutinin _______. | no agglutinogen, anti-A and anti-B
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| What blood type is the universal donor? | O
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| What blood type is the universal recipient? | AB
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| In type Rh-positive, red blood cells have ___________ on their plasma membranes and the plasma has ___________. | Rh protein, no anti-Rh agglutinins
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| In type Rh-negative, red blood cells have ___________ on their plasma membranes and initially the plasma has ___________. | no Rh protein, no anti-Rh agglutinins
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| ____________ occurs when a Rh-negative mother, who has been exposed to Rh-positive blood, causes the agglutination of the red blood cells of a Rh-positive fetus. | erythroblastosis fetalis
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| If a mother is Rh-____________ and has been exposed to Rh-___________ blood, her blood will have ___________ agglutinin in the plasma | negative, positive, anti-Rh
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| If a fetus is Rh-____________, the mother's anti-Rh agglutinins will pass through the ____________ and cause agglutination of fetal red blood cells. | positive, placenta
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| Blood plasma is made up of what percentage water? | 91%
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| Blood plasma is made up of what percentage solutes? | 9%
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| Solutes within blood plasma fall under what two categories? | electrolytes and nonelectrolytes
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| Proteins are what percentage of blood plasma? | 7%
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| Three examples of electrolytes within blood plasma are ___________. | sodium, chloride & potassium
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| Five categories of nonelectrolytes within blood plasma are ___________. | proteins, wastes, nutrients, gases, regulatory substances (hormones)
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| Serum is the liquid of the blood without ____________. | clotting factors
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| _______ is the liquid of the blood without clotting factors. | serum
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| Blood clotting is also known as __________. | coagulation
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| Prothrombinase is also known as ______________. | prothrombin activator
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| _____________ starts with damaged tissue and ends with the production of the enzyme prothrombinase. | extrinsic clotting pathway
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| _____________ starts with damaged endothelial cells contacting platelets and ends with the production of the enzyme prothrombinase. | intrinsic clotting pathway
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| Prothrombin activator (prothrombinase) converts __________ to ___________. | prothrombin, thrombin
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| Thrombin is an enzyme that converts ___________ to ___________ for the clot. | fibrinogen, fibrin
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| What are two conditions that oppose clotting in intact vessels? | smooth endothelium, presence of antithrombins (eg heparin)
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| What is an example of an antithrombin that opposes clotting in an intact vessel? | heparin
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| What type of endothelium opposes clotting in an intact vessel? | smooth
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| What are two conditions that hasten clotting? | rough places on endothelium, abnormally slow blood flow
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| Clot dissolution is also known as ___________. | fibrinolysis
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| In clot dissolution, naturally occurring ____________ can be activated to form ___________, which dissolves clots. | plasminogen, plasmin
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| Bacteria produced, clot dissolving chemicals include __________ and ________, both which have medical applications. | strepto-kinase, t-PA
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| Plasma links tissues of the body by transporting materials throughout the body to maintain ____________. | homeostasis
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| What transports oxygen and carbon dioxide? | red blood cells
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| White blood cells are important in the whole body's ____________ mechanism. | defense
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| Functions of blood depend on what other three systems? | respiratory, endocrine, urinary
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| Blood must flow continuously to maintain ____________ (other than homeostasis) | stability
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| ___________ is a loss of the total oxygen carrying capacity by the red blood cells. | anemia
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| Anemia is due to either a decrease of _____________ or a decrease in ____________. | hemoglobin, red blood cells
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| ____________ is a type of anemia that is a decrease in red blood cells caused by outside agents like chemicals or radiation. | aplastic anemia
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| ____________ is a type of anemia that is a result of genetic mutations that alter hemoglobin. | hemolytic anemia
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| Two types of hemolytic anemia are ______________. | sickle cell anemia, thalassemia
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| ______________ is a type of hemolytic anemia that is caused by altered hemoglobin chains. | thalassemia
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| An excess of red blood cells is known as _____________. | polycythemia
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| ____________ is a type of anemia that occurs when the body cannot properly absorb vitamin B12 from the gastrointestinal tract. | pernicious anemia
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| _____________ is a white blood cell disorder in which WBC count is under ________ per mm cubed. | leukopenia, 5000
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| Leukopenia can be caused by ______________. | AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)
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| ____________ is a white blood cell disorder in which WBC count is abnormally high, over ________ per mm cubed. | leukocytosis, 10000
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| Leukocytosis can be caused by ______________. | leukemia
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| ___________ is a clotting disorder of excessive clotting in which the clot stays in one place. | thrombus, thrombosis
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| ___________ is a clotting disorder of excessive clotting in which the clot dislodges and travels in the blood stream. | embolus, embolism
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| ___________ is a clotting disorder of failure to clot in which there is an absence of clotting factor. | hemophilia
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| ___________ is a clotting disorder of failure to clot in which there is a decrease in platelet count. | thrombocytopenia
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| ____________ is a type of anemia caused by folic acid deficiency. | folate deficiency anemia
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