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A&P 2 - E2 - P1
A&P 2 - Exam 2 - Part 1 - Blood
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is dependent on the continual transport of blood to and from cells? | homeostasis |
| ___________ makes up 55% of blood. | plasma |
| ___________ make up 45% of blood. | formed elements |
| What is the volume of blood in females? | 4-5 liters |
| What is the volume of blood in males? | 5-6 liters |
| 1 unit equals how many liters? | about 0.5 liters |
| The direct method of blood volume measurement requires what? | removal of all blood |
| The indirect method of blood volume measurement involves what? | injection of a known amount of red blood cells tagged with radioisotopes |
| What is the term that is defined as "the percentage of blood volume that is occupied by red blood cells"? | hematocrit or packed cell volume (pcv) |
| Hematocrit is also known as __________. | packed cell volume (pcv) |
| What is a normal hematocrit for males? | 45% |
| What is a normal hematocrit for females? | 42% |
| Too much formed elements is known as what? | polycythemia |
| Red blood cells are also know as _____________. | erythrocytes |
| The nucleus in a red blood cell is __________. | absent |
| The shape of a red blood cell is a ___________ disk. | biconcave |
| What is the diameter of a red blood cell? | 7.5 µm |
| Red blood cells are filled with ____________. | hemoglobin |
| What is the abbreviation for hemoglobin? | Hb |
| Red blood cells have a _________ plasma membrane. | thin |
| How many red blood cells per millimeter cubed in males? | 5,500,000 |
| How many red blood cells per millimeter cubed in females? | 4,800,000 |
| What is the function of red blood cells? | transport oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| How many Hemoglobin (Hb) molecules are there per red blood cell? | 200-300 million |
| How many oxygen molecules are carried by each hemoglobin (Hb) molecule? | 4 |
| What is the normal hemoglobin value in males? | 14-16g per 100mL of blood |
| What is the normal hemoglobin value in females? | 12-14g per 100mL of blood |
| Anemia: less than ________ of hemoglobin per 100 mL of blood | 10g |
| Less than 10g of hemoglobin per 100 mL of blood is _____________ | anemia |
| What is the formation of red blood cells known as? | erythropoiesis |
| What are hemopoietic stem cells? | hemocytoblasts |
| ______________ go through stages to form erythrocytes. | hemocytoblasts |
| What is the stimulus for red blood cell formation? | erythropoietin |
| Erythropoietin is produced continually by the ___________. | liver |
| The stimulus for increased increased red blood cell formation is _____________ levels in the kidney. | low oxygen |
| The stimulus for increased red blood cell formation is low oxygen levels in the __________. | kidney |
| ____________ stimulates the hemocytoblasts to produce more red blood cells. | erythropoietin |
| Erythropoietin stimulates the ______________ to produce more red blood cells. | hemocytoblasts |
| Red blood cells last about _________ days. | 120 |
| Macrophage cells in the ___________ phagocytose old red blood cells. | liver and spleen |
| Most components of old red blood cells are _____________. | recycled |
| White blood cells are also know as ____________. | leukocytes |
| Granulocytes have ___________ in cytoplasm. | granules |
| Granulocytes have ___________ nuclei. | lobed |
| Name the granulocytes | neutrophils, eosinophils & basophils |
| Neutrophils are what percentage of total white blood cells? | 65-75% |
| ___________ increase in number during acute infections. | neutrophils |
| Neutrophils increase in number during ________ infections. | acute |
| Eosinophils are what percentage of circulating white blood cells? | 2-5% |
| ___________ increase in number during allergic reactions and parasitic worm infections. | eosinophils |
| Eosinophils increase in number during ______________. | allergic reactions and parasitic worm infections |
| Basophils are what percentage of total white blood cells? | .5-1% |
| ___________ increase in number during allergic reactions and periods of inflammation. | basophils |
| Basophils increase in number during ____________. | allergic reactions and periods of inflammation |
| Name the agranulocytes. | lymphocytes & monocytes |
| Agranulocytes have ___________ in cytoplasm. | no granules |
| Agranulocytes have ___________ nuclei. | unlobed |
| Lymphocytes are what percentage of total white blood cells? | 20-25% |
| What two types of lymphocytes are important in the immune response? | thymic and bursal lymphocytes |
| T cells are also known as what? | thymic or T lymphocytes |
| B cells are also known as what? | bursal or B lymphocytes |
| Monocytes are what percentage of total white blood cells? | 3-8% |
| __________ become macrophages in the tissues. | monocytes |
| Monocytes become ____________ in the tissues. | macrophages |
| Normal white blood cell numbers are ____________. | 5000 to 9000 per mm cubed |
| ____________ go through different differentiation and then various stages to form each type of white blood cell. | hemopoietic stem cells (hemocytoblasts) |
| Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and some lymphocytes and monocytes originate in ____________ tissue. | red marrow |
| Most lymphocytes and monocytes originate in ____________ tissue. | lymphoid |
| Platelets are also known as ___________. | thrombocytes |
| Normal platelet count is ___________. | 150,000 to 350,000 per mm cubed |
| Platelets are ___________ in diameter. | 2-4 µm |
| The plasma membrane of platelets is made up of bound particles of cytoplasm containing ____________. | clotting factors |
| The two functions of platelets are _________. | hemostasis, coagulation |
| What is the platelet caused stoppage of blood flow? | hemostasis |
| How does hemostasis by platelets occur? | a platelet plug is formed by platelets sticking together (sticky platelets) |
| What is the platelet caused formation of a fibrin clot? | coagulation |
| The average survival of platelets is ___________. | about 7 days |
| In platelet formation, hemopoietic stems cells (hemocytoblasts) form _____________ which then form _____________. | megkaryoblasts, megakaryocytes |
| Megakaryocytes form membrane bound cytoplasmic fragments known as ___________. | platelets |
| Blood type is determined by the type of ______________ present on the red blood cell. | agglutinogens |
| Agglutinogens are self ___________. | antigens |
| Agglutinins are also known as _____________. | antibodies |
| Antibodies are also known as _____________. | agglutinins |
| A transfusion reaction between non-compatible bloods is ____________. | agglutination |
| Agglutinins are plasma antibodies that cause _____________ in red blood cells with specific agglutinogens. | agglutination |
| Reactions between agglutinogens and agglutinins of non-compatible blood cause red blood cells to ____________. | agglutinate |
| Two of the several blood type systems are the ____________. | ABO system and the Rh system |
| In type A blood, red blood cells have agglutinogen ____ and the plasma has agglutinin _______. | A, anti-B |
| In type B blood, red blood cells have agglutinogen ____ and the plasma has agglutinin _______. | B, anti-A |
| In type AB blood, red blood cells have agglutinogen ____ and the plasma has agglutinin _______. | A&B, no agglutinin (no anti-A or B) |
| In type O blood, red blood cells have agglutinogen ____ and the plasma has agglutinin _______. | no agglutinogen, anti-A and anti-B |
| What blood type is the universal donor? | O |
| What blood type is the universal recipient? | AB |
| In type Rh-positive, red blood cells have ___________ on their plasma membranes and the plasma has ___________. | Rh protein, no anti-Rh agglutinins |
| In type Rh-negative, red blood cells have ___________ on their plasma membranes and initially the plasma has ___________. | no Rh protein, no anti-Rh agglutinins |
| ____________ occurs when a Rh-negative mother, who has been exposed to Rh-positive blood, causes the agglutination of the red blood cells of a Rh-positive fetus. | erythroblastosis fetalis |
| If a mother is Rh-____________ and has been exposed to Rh-___________ blood, her blood will have ___________ agglutinin in the plasma | negative, positive, anti-Rh |
| If a fetus is Rh-____________, the mother's anti-Rh agglutinins will pass through the ____________ and cause agglutination of fetal red blood cells. | positive, placenta |
| Blood plasma is made up of what percentage water? | 91% |
| Blood plasma is made up of what percentage solutes? | 9% |
| Solutes within blood plasma fall under what two categories? | electrolytes and nonelectrolytes |
| Proteins are what percentage of blood plasma? | 7% |
| Three examples of electrolytes within blood plasma are ___________. | sodium, chloride & potassium |
| Five categories of nonelectrolytes within blood plasma are ___________. | proteins, wastes, nutrients, gases, regulatory substances (hormones) |
| Serum is the liquid of the blood without ____________. | clotting factors |
| _______ is the liquid of the blood without clotting factors. | serum |
| Blood clotting is also known as __________. | coagulation |
| Prothrombinase is also known as ______________. | prothrombin activator |
| _____________ starts with damaged tissue and ends with the production of the enzyme prothrombinase. | extrinsic clotting pathway |
| _____________ starts with damaged endothelial cells contacting platelets and ends with the production of the enzyme prothrombinase. | intrinsic clotting pathway |
| Prothrombin activator (prothrombinase) converts __________ to ___________. | prothrombin, thrombin |
| Thrombin is an enzyme that converts ___________ to ___________ for the clot. | fibrinogen, fibrin |
| What are two conditions that oppose clotting in intact vessels? | smooth endothelium, presence of antithrombins (eg heparin) |
| What is an example of an antithrombin that opposes clotting in an intact vessel? | heparin |
| What type of endothelium opposes clotting in an intact vessel? | smooth |
| What are two conditions that hasten clotting? | rough places on endothelium, abnormally slow blood flow |
| Clot dissolution is also known as ___________. | fibrinolysis |
| In clot dissolution, naturally occurring ____________ can be activated to form ___________, which dissolves clots. | plasminogen, plasmin |
| Bacteria produced, clot dissolving chemicals include __________ and ________, both which have medical applications. | strepto-kinase, t-PA |
| Plasma links tissues of the body by transporting materials throughout the body to maintain ____________. | homeostasis |
| What transports oxygen and carbon dioxide? | red blood cells |
| White blood cells are important in the whole body's ____________ mechanism. | defense |
| Functions of blood depend on what other three systems? | respiratory, endocrine, urinary |
| Blood must flow continuously to maintain ____________ (other than homeostasis) | stability |
| ___________ is a loss of the total oxygen carrying capacity by the red blood cells. | anemia |
| Anemia is due to either a decrease of _____________ or a decrease in ____________. | hemoglobin, red blood cells |
| ____________ is a type of anemia that is a decrease in red blood cells caused by outside agents like chemicals or radiation. | aplastic anemia |
| ____________ is a type of anemia that is a result of genetic mutations that alter hemoglobin. | hemolytic anemia |
| Two types of hemolytic anemia are ______________. | sickle cell anemia, thalassemia |
| ______________ is a type of hemolytic anemia that is caused by altered hemoglobin chains. | thalassemia |
| An excess of red blood cells is known as _____________. | polycythemia |
| ____________ is a type of anemia that occurs when the body cannot properly absorb vitamin B12 from the gastrointestinal tract. | pernicious anemia |
| _____________ is a white blood cell disorder in which WBC count is under ________ per mm cubed. | leukopenia, 5000 |
| Leukopenia can be caused by ______________. | AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) |
| ____________ is a white blood cell disorder in which WBC count is abnormally high, over ________ per mm cubed. | leukocytosis, 10000 |
| Leukocytosis can be caused by ______________. | leukemia |
| ___________ is a clotting disorder of excessive clotting in which the clot stays in one place. | thrombus, thrombosis |
| ___________ is a clotting disorder of excessive clotting in which the clot dislodges and travels in the blood stream. | embolus, embolism |
| ___________ is a clotting disorder of failure to clot in which there is an absence of clotting factor. | hemophilia |
| ___________ is a clotting disorder of failure to clot in which there is a decrease in platelet count. | thrombocytopenia |
| ____________ is a type of anemia caused by folic acid deficiency. | folate deficiency anemia |
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