lymphatic and respiratory systems
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| Where does lymph originate? | It originates as tissue fluid that has been taken up by the lymphatic vessels.
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| What is the point of origin of all immune cells of the lymphatic system? | Bone marrow
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| What is the composition of “pus”? | Dead cells (neutrophils and macrophages), other tissue debris, and tissue fluid form a yellowish fluid called pus
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| What is the function of Interleukins? | A hormone-like chemical messenger from one leukocyte to another, serving as a means of communication and coordination during immune responses. Promote the development and action of T cells
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| To which antigens can Cytotoxic T cells respond? | MHC-I proteins
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| Where do memory cells spend their time? | germinal centers of the lymph nodes
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| What is happening with some antibodies in autoimmune diseases? | the immune system fails to distinguish self-antigens from foreign ones and produces autoantibodies that attack the body's own tissues
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| How much of the capillary filtrate do lymphatics recover? | 15%
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| What are lacteals and what is their role? | a lymphatic capillary that absorbs dietary fats in the villi of the small intestine. Absorb dietary lipids that are not absorbed by the blood capillaries
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| What forces help lymph to flow? | Lymphatic vessels (lymphatics) that are similar to blood vessels; valves, pressure
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| Which cells are involved in Immune surveillance and destruction of foreign cells and diseased host cells? | Natural killer cells
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| Which lymphatic organs have afferent lymphatic vessels? | Lymph nodes
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| Which cells are in the mucous membrane, guarding against parasites and allergens? | eosinophils
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| What substances are secreted by cells infected with viruses that alert neighboring cells and protect them from becoming infected? | T cells
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| What is a pyrogen? | A fever-producing agent
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| What do basophils do to get defensive leukocytes to the site quickly? | Secrete histamine
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| What is an epitope? | Antigenic determinants
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| Where are the majority of naïve T cells located? | thymus
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| Which immunoglobulin predominately circulate in plasma? | IgG
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| Which immunoglobulin provides passive immunity to the newborn? | IgG
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| What is the role of B cells? | Immune surveillance
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| How is the immune system involved in autoimmune diseases? | Autoimmune diseases are failures of self-tolerance—the immune system fails to distinguish self-antigens from foreign ones and produces autoantibodies that attack the body's own tissues
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| What are the functions of the respiratory system? | to supply the blood with oxygen in order for the blood to deliver oxygen to all parts of the body
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| What is the blood supply to the alveolus? | Pulmonary arteries
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| What is involved in making intelligible speech? | The larynx
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| Know the cartilages of the respiratory tract? | Elastic cartilage
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| Which physical law states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of its individual gases? | Law of Partial Pressures or Dalton’s Law
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| In a healthy person, what has the greatest influence on resistance to pulmonary airflow? | Bronchiole diameter
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| What is the amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort and what is it called? | 3,000 mL; Inspiratory reserve volume
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| How is vital capacity calculated? | The amount of air that can be inhaled and then exhaled with maximum effort; the deepest possible breath (VC = ERV + TV + IRV)
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| How is carbon dioxide transported? | transported in three forms: carbonic acid, carbamino compounds, and dissolved gas
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| During exercise, which of the following directly increases respiratory rate? | The increase in respiration during exercise results from the expected or actual activity of the muscles
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| Which of the following would slow down gas exchange between the blood and alveolar air? | Membrane area, membrane thickness, ventilation-perfusion coupling, solubility of gases, pressure gradients of gases
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| Which gas has the highest concentration in the air we breathe? | Nitrogen
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| How many molecules of oxygen can each hemoglobin molecule transport? | 4
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| What are the normal Po2, Pco2, and pH of arterial blood? | Po2 of 95 mm Hg, a Pco2 of 40 mm Hg, and a pH of 7.40 ± 0.05
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| What percentage of its oxygen is given up in one passage through a bed of systemic blood capillaries? | 22%
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| Which of the following is the term for a deficiency of oxygen or the inability to utilize oxygen in a tissue? | Hypoxia
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| What lung disease is marked by abnormally few but large alveoli? | Emphysema
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| What is the maximum amount of air the lungs can contain called? | Total lung capacity
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| What are the functions of the pleurae and pleural? | Reduction of friction, creation of pressure gradient, and compartmentalization
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| What does the term “gas transport” mean? | the process of carrying gases from the alveoli to the systemic tissues and vice versa
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| Do erythrocytes carry out aerobic respiration? | no
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| What are interferons? | proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of pathogens; “interfere” with viral replication
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| What are cytokines? | any of various proteins, secreted by cells, that carry signals to neighboring cells
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| What do antibodies do? | prevent pathogens from entering or damaging cells; stimulate removal of a pathogen; trigger direct pathogen destruction
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