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BIO 202 Exam 3
lymphatic and respiratory systems
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Where does lymph originate? | It originates as tissue fluid that has been taken up by the lymphatic vessels. |
| What is the point of origin of all immune cells of the lymphatic system? | Bone marrow |
| What is the composition of “pus”? | Dead cells (neutrophils and macrophages), other tissue debris, and tissue fluid form a yellowish fluid called pus |
| What is the function of Interleukins? | A hormone-like chemical messenger from one leukocyte to another, serving as a means of communication and coordination during immune responses. Promote the development and action of T cells |
| To which antigens can Cytotoxic T cells respond? | MHC-I proteins |
| Where do memory cells spend their time? | germinal centers of the lymph nodes |
| What is happening with some antibodies in autoimmune diseases? | the immune system fails to distinguish self-antigens from foreign ones and produces autoantibodies that attack the body's own tissues |
| How much of the capillary filtrate do lymphatics recover? | 15% |
| What are lacteals and what is their role? | a lymphatic capillary that absorbs dietary fats in the villi of the small intestine. Absorb dietary lipids that are not absorbed by the blood capillaries |
| What forces help lymph to flow? | Lymphatic vessels (lymphatics) that are similar to blood vessels; valves, pressure |
| Which cells are involved in Immune surveillance and destruction of foreign cells and diseased host cells? | Natural killer cells |
| Which lymphatic organs have afferent lymphatic vessels? | Lymph nodes |
| Which cells are in the mucous membrane, guarding against parasites and allergens? | eosinophils |
| What substances are secreted by cells infected with viruses that alert neighboring cells and protect them from becoming infected? | T cells |
| What is a pyrogen? | A fever-producing agent |
| What do basophils do to get defensive leukocytes to the site quickly? | Secrete histamine |
| What is an epitope? | Antigenic determinants |
| Where are the majority of naïve T cells located? | thymus |
| Which immunoglobulin predominately circulate in plasma? | IgG |
| Which immunoglobulin provides passive immunity to the newborn? | IgG |
| What is the role of B cells? | Immune surveillance |
| How is the immune system involved in autoimmune diseases? | Autoimmune diseases are failures of self-tolerance—the immune system fails to distinguish self-antigens from foreign ones and produces autoantibodies that attack the body's own tissues |
| What are the functions of the respiratory system? | to supply the blood with oxygen in order for the blood to deliver oxygen to all parts of the body |
| What is the blood supply to the alveolus? | Pulmonary arteries |
| What is involved in making intelligible speech? | The larynx |
| Know the cartilages of the respiratory tract? | Elastic cartilage |
| Which physical law states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of its individual gases? | Law of Partial Pressures or Dalton’s Law |
| In a healthy person, what has the greatest influence on resistance to pulmonary airflow? | Bronchiole diameter |
| What is the amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort and what is it called? | 3,000 mL; Inspiratory reserve volume |
| How is vital capacity calculated? | The amount of air that can be inhaled and then exhaled with maximum effort; the deepest possible breath (VC = ERV + TV + IRV) |
| How is carbon dioxide transported? | transported in three forms: carbonic acid, carbamino compounds, and dissolved gas |
| During exercise, which of the following directly increases respiratory rate? | The increase in respiration during exercise results from the expected or actual activity of the muscles |
| Which of the following would slow down gas exchange between the blood and alveolar air? | Membrane area, membrane thickness, ventilation-perfusion coupling, solubility of gases, pressure gradients of gases |
| Which gas has the highest concentration in the air we breathe? | Nitrogen |
| How many molecules of oxygen can each hemoglobin molecule transport? | 4 |
| What are the normal Po2, Pco2, and pH of arterial blood? | Po2 of 95 mm Hg, a Pco2 of 40 mm Hg, and a pH of 7.40 ± 0.05 |
| What percentage of its oxygen is given up in one passage through a bed of systemic blood capillaries? | 22% |
| Which of the following is the term for a deficiency of oxygen or the inability to utilize oxygen in a tissue? | Hypoxia |
| What lung disease is marked by abnormally few but large alveoli? | Emphysema |
| What is the maximum amount of air the lungs can contain called? | Total lung capacity |
| What are the functions of the pleurae and pleural? | Reduction of friction, creation of pressure gradient, and compartmentalization |
| What does the term “gas transport” mean? | the process of carrying gases from the alveoli to the systemic tissues and vice versa |
| Do erythrocytes carry out aerobic respiration? | no |
| What are interferons? | proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of pathogens; “interfere” with viral replication |
| What are cytokines? | any of various proteins, secreted by cells, that carry signals to neighboring cells |
| What do antibodies do? | prevent pathogens from entering or damaging cells; stimulate removal of a pathogen; trigger direct pathogen destruction |
Created by:
slarmentrout
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