PBHS Biology
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| The structural and functional units of all living organisms | Cell
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| Single-celled | Unicellular
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| Having more than one cell | Multicellular
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| lack a membrane-bound nucleus and intracellular organelles | Prokaryotic/Prokaryotes
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| having membrane-bound nuclei and distinct organelles | Eukaryotic/Eukaryotes
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| Nuclear DNA during Interphase | Chromatin
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| Cell division forming 2 identical daughter cells maintaining the number diploid of chromosomes | mitosis
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| Form of DNA immediately before and during cell division | chromosomes
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| Cell division forming the sex cells; reduces the number of chromosomes to the haploid (1/2 #)number | meiosis
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| Reproduction that does not involve sex cells (gametes) | asexual reproduction
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| Cell organelle that is the director/control center of the cell | nucleus
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| Site of protein synthesis | Ribosome
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| Organelle that stores water, food, waste. Few or none in animal cells | vacuole
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| Gel-like substance outside the nucleus NOT including the organelles | cytosol
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| Stack of membrane bound vesicles that "packages" proteins | Golgi Apparatus
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| Gel-like substance outside the nucleus INCLUDING the organelles | cytoplasm
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| Continuation of outer nuclear membrane-(transport passageways for proteins) | endoplasmic reticulum
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| contain hydrolytic enzymes for intracellular digestion | lysosomes
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| rigid, protective structure made of polysaccharides giving plant cells a box-like shape | cell wall
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| inner membrane forms folds (cristae); site of energy production; powerhouse of the cell | mitochondria (plural)
mitochondrion (singular)
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| lipid bilayer enclosing all cells | cell membrane
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| site of photosynthesis | chloroplast
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| organized network of protein filaments that helps to maintain cell shape | cytoskeleton
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| pigment that captures sunlight needed for photosynthesis | chlorophyll
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| Process producing energy for the cell; occurs in mitochondria | cellular respiration
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| process that produces food for cells having chlorophyll | photosynthesis
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| simple sugar initially produced through photosynthesis; most simple sugar | glucose C6-H12-O6
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| Energy from glucose is used to produce _____ which supplies the energy needs of cells | ATP adenosine triphosphate
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| DNA stands for | deoxyribonucleic acid
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| mRNA | messengerRNA ribonucleic acid
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| form dense stacks called grana inside chloroplasts | thylakoids
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| Austrian monk, Father of Genetics; studied pea plants | Mendel (Gregor)
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| phylum containing all sponges | porifera
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| All have nematocysts (stinging cells) | cnidaria (cnidarians)
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| All water dwellers and sessile (immobile); collect food through flagellated choanocytes | porifera
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| sea anemones, Portuguese man-o-war, jellyfish, hydra, corals | cnidarians
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| produces ribosomes | nucleolus
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| nematocysts | stinging cells of cnidarians
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| phylum of flatworms | platyhelminthes
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| Soft body covered by a thin mantle with a muscular foot and internal visceral mass... | Molluscs
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| Many molluscs have a shell composed of___and secreted by the mantle | calcium carbonate (CaCO3)and proteins
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| 3 classes of molluscs | Gastropods (slugs, snails)
Cephalopods (squid, octopi, nautilus)
Bivalves (clams, scallops, oysters)
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| tapeworms, flukes, and planaria | platyhelminthes
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| phylum of segmented worms (having nephridia and blood vessels) | annelida
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| earthworms and leeches | annelids
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| phylum of roundworms (unsegmented) | nematoda
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| hookworms and parasites causing trichinosis, river blindness, and elephantitis | nematoda
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| most recently named phylum | cycliophora
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| symbion pandora identified in 1995 living on mouth parts of Norwegian Lobster | cycliophoran
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| traits are notochord, pharyngeal gill slits, post-anal tail, hollow dorsal nerve chord | chordata
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| Subphyla are urochordata, cephalochordata, and vertebrata (true vertebrates) | chordata
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| sea squirts | urochordata
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| lancelets | cephalochordata
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| mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles,fish are all in which phylum | chordata
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| he saw cork (wood) cells and coined the term "cell" | Robert Hooke
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| he was the first to see a living cell | Anton Von Leeuwenhoek
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| cell division that occurs in 2 stages | meiosis
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| cell division that produces 4 gametes with the n number of chromosomes. | meiosis
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| general term for all sex cells | gametes
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| term for initial fertilized egg | zygote
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| cell that have the 'n' number of chromosomes; haploid cells | gametes
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| cell resulting from fusion of gametes | zygote
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| term that means having the 'n' number of chromosomes; 1/2 the total number of chromosomes | haploid
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| term that means having the 2n number of chromosomes; having the 'total' number of chromosomes | diploid
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| whip-like structure that grows out of a cell used for cell movement | flagellum (singular)
plural = flagella
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| tiny, short hair-like structures projecting from a cell body | cilia (plural)
cilium (singular)
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| 4 nucleic acids which are the bases of DNA | Adenine Thymine Guanine Cytosine
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| How do the nucleic acids pair in DNA? | A with T and C with G
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| Name the stages of mitosis in order | P(P)MAT Prophase (Prometaphase) Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
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| Meiosis produces how many gametes? | 4
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| Three types of symbiosis | parasitism, commensalism, mutualism
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| Symbiotic relationship: one benefits, one is harmed | parasitism
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| Symbiotic relationship: both benefit | mutualism
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| Symbiotic relationship: one benefits, one is unaffected | commensalism
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| Discrete units of genetic material (code for a particular protein) | gene
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| All chromosomes are within the nucleus, but there is also ______________DNA, mtDNA, an exact copy of the mother's mtDNA. | mitochondrial (DNA)
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| Forming mRNA from DNA inside the nucleus | Transcription
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| Process of synthesizing a chain of amino acids to build a protein from mRNA | Translation
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| Phylum of insects, crustaceans, and arachnids | Arthropoda
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| Most Arthropods have this type of external skeleton | exoskeleton
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| Lobster, crayfish, etc. are which subphylum of arthropods | crustaceans
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| mRNA carries the DNA code for synthesizing one of these | a protein
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| The section or segment of a DNA molecule that has the entire code for synthesizing a protein is a ___. | gene
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| synthesis or synthesizing means ___. | process of putting preexisting parts together (like the pieces of a puzzle)to build something, not creating something
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| Longest phase within the cell cycle; precedes mitosis | Interphase
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| Phase of the cell cycle during which all growth and normal functioning of a cell occurs | Interphase
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| porifera are sessile which means | immobile
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| flagellated cells that collect food via sweeping motions for porifera | choanocytes
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| most diverse and successful animal phylum | arthropoda
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| jointed foot/feet | arthropoda
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| body segments of insects | head, thorax, abdomen
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| now extinct arthropod phylum | trilobitomorpha (trilobites)
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| mollusc shell is secreted by the | mantle
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| five-fold radial symmetry | echinodermata
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| spiny skin | echinodermata
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| sea urchin scraping device | Aristotles's lantern
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| feeding adaptation of everting stomach | echinodermata
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| moving by tube feet connected to the WVS | echinodermata
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| most diverse SUBphylum | vertebrata (true vertebrates)
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