Phonetics 101
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| Place | The point in the vocal tract where the sound is made
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| Manner | The way in which the sound is produced
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| Voice | The presence or absence of vocal fold vibration during the production of the speech sound
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| What has to constrict to determine place? | The vocal tract
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| Bilabial | Two lips
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| Bilabial consonants | /p/, /b/, /m/, /w/, and /hw/
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| Labio-dental | Bottom lip and upper, center teeth
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| Labio-dental consonants | /f/ and /v/
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| Lingua-dental | Tongue touching the bottom edge of the upper central incisors or the backs of the central incisors
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| Lingua-dental consonants | Voice and voiceless "th"
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| Lingua-alveolar | Major constriction of the alveolar ridge (right behind the upper central incisors)
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| Lingua-alveolar consonants | /t/, /d/, /n/, /s/, /z/, and /l/
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| Lingua-palatal | Posterior to the alveolar ridge (where the rug are located and where the vault angles upward)
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| Lingua-palatal consonants | "sh", /3/, "ch", /d3/, /r/, and /j/
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| Lingua-velar | Back of the oral cavity
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| Lingua-velar consonants | /k/, /g/, and "ing"
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| Glottal | Opening between the vocal folds
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| Glottal consonants | /h/ and /?/ - glottal stop
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| When a speech sound is made and manner is involved, what is modified? | Airstream
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| Plosives/stops/stop-plosives | Formed by a complete closure of the vocal tract, including the velopharyngeal port, so that the flow of outgoing airstream is temporarily stopped
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| Plosives sounds | /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/, and /?/
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| Fricatives | Directing the airstream through a narrow constriction in the vocal tract
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| Fricative sounds | /f/, /v/, voice and voiceless "th", /s/, /z/, "sh", /3/, and /h/
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| Affricates | Combination of a stop and fricative. Stop occures first then fricative
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| Affricate sounds | "ch" and /d3/
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| Stridents | Affricates and noisy fricatives
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| Strident sounds | /f/, /v/, /s/, /z/, "sh", "ch", and /d3/
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| Nasals | Making a complete closure along the vocal tract but leaving the velopharngeal port open which results in part of the airstream is directed through the nasal cavity
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| Nasal sounds | /m/, /n/, and "ing"
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| Liquids | Vowel-like consonants that have only slightly more closure in their production than the vowels do but the closure is not sufficient (enough) to result in any friction-like noise
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| Liquid sounds | /l/ and /r/
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| Glides | Similar to vowels in their production but include a shift in placement from a more closed to a more open position
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| Glide sounds | /j/ and /w/
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| Approximants | Glides and liquids
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| Obstruents | Sounds that are made with enough constriction of the vocal tract to impede or obstruct the airstream
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| Obstruent sounds | Stops, fricatives and affricates
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| Sonorants | Vowel-like quality
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| Sonorant sounds | Nasals, liquids, and glides
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| In sonorants, what is produced with the sound? | Formants
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| Cognates | Voiced and voiceless pair ---- all onstruents have them
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| Voiced | /b/, /d/, /g/, /v/, "th", /z/, /3/, /d3/, /m/, /n/, "ing", /l/, /r/, /w/, and /j/
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| Voiceless | /p/, /t/, /k/, /?/, /f/, "th", /z/, "sh", /h/, and "ch"
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| Place names | Bilabial, labio-dental, lingua-dental, lingua-alveolar, lingua-palatal, lingua-velar, glottal
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| Manner names | Plosives, fricatives, affricates, nasals, liquids, glides
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