A&P 2 - Exam 1 - Part 3 - Physiology, Cardiovascular
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| What is a vital role of the cardiovascular system? | maintaining homeostasis
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| The caridovascular's vital role of maintaining homeostasis depends on the continuous and controlled movement of _________________. | blood through capillaries
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| Numerous control mechanisms help to regulate and integrate the diverse functions and component parts of the ________________. | cardiovascular system
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| What is the function of the cardiovascular system? | to supply blood in response to specific body area needs
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| What is a a collection of mechanisms that influence the dynamic circulation of blood? | hemodynamics
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| The circulation of different ________________ is essential for healthy survival. | volumes of blood per minute
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| What two functions must circulation control mechanisms accomplish? | maintain circulation, vary volume and distribution of the blood circulated
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| What are the four structures that compose the conduction system of the heart? | sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle, Purkinje fibers
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| Conduction system structures are more ________________ than ordinary cardiac muscle tissue. | highly specialized
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| Conduction system structures permit only rapid conduction of _____________ through the heart. | an action potential
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| What initializes each heart beat and sets it's pace? | sinoatrial node, aka the pacemaker
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| What do specialized pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node possess? | an intrinsic rhythm
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| After being generated by the SA node, each impulse travels throughout the muscle fibers of _____________ causing them to contract. | both atria
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| As the action potential enters the AV node from the right atrium, its conduction ________ to allow complete contraction of both atrial chambers before the impulse reaches the ______________. | slows, ventricles
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| After the AV node, conduction velocity _____________ as the impulse is relayed through the AV bundle into the ______________. | increases, ventricles
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| Right and left branches of the bundle fibers and Purkinje fibers conduct the impulses throughout the muscles of both _____________, stimulating them to contract ______________. | ventricles, almost simultaneously
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| What does ECG or EKG stand for? | electrocardiogram
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| What is a graphic record of the heart's electrical activity and it's conduction of impulses? | electrocardiogram
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| What is a record of the electrical events that precede the contractions of the heart? | electrocardiogram
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| What is attached to a subject to produce an ECG? | electrodes of an electrocardiograph
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| An ECG records _______________ that represent changes in the hearts electrical activity. | changes in voltage
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| A normal ECG is composed of what parts? | P wave, QRS complex, T wave (and sometimes a U wave)
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| What does the P wave represent? | the depolarization of the atria
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| What does the QRS complex represent? | the depolarization of the ventricles and the repolarization of atria
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| What does the T wave represent? | the repolarization of the ventricles
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| What does the U wave represent? | the repolarization of the papillary muscles
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| Measurement of the intervals between P, QRS, and T waves can provide information about the _____________ of an ____________ through the heart | rate of conduction, action potential
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| The _____________ is a complete heartbeat consisting of what contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of both atria and both ventricles. | cardiac cycle
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| What is contraction in the cardiac cycle? | systole
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| What is relaxation in the cardiac cycle? | diastole
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| The cardiac cycle is often divided into ________________. | time intervals
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| During ______________ the contraction of atria completes, emptying blood out of the atria into the ventricles. | atrial systole
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| During atrial systole, __________ are open and ____________ are closed. | atrioventricular valves, semilunar valves
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| During atrial systole, ___________ are relaxed and filling with blood. | ventricles
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| What cycle begins with the P wave of the ECG? | atrial systole
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| What occurs between the start of ventricular systole and the opening of the semilunar valves? | isovolumetric ventricular contraction
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| During isovolumetric ventricular contraction, ventricular volume ______________ as the pressure increases rapidly. | remains constant
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| The onset of ventricular systole coincides with the __________ of the ECG and the appearance of the first _____________. | R wave, heart sound
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| During ejection, ____________ open and blood is ejected from the heart when the pressure gradient in the ventricles exceeds that of the _________________. | semilunar valves, pumonary artery and aorta
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| What initial short phase is characterized by a marked increase in ventricular and aortic pressure and in aortic blow flow? | rapid ejection
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| What phase is characterized by a less abrupt decrease in ventricular volume? | reduced ejection
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| The reduced ejection phase coincides with what? | T wave
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| Ventricular diastole begins with what phase? | isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
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| Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation occurs between _____________ and _____________. | closure of semilunar valve, opening of atrioventricular valves
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| During isovolumetric ventricular relaxation there is a _____________ in interventricular pressure and _____________ in volume. | dramatic fall, no change
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| The second heart sound is heard during what period? | isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
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| During isovolumetric ventricular relaxation, what heart sound is heard? | second
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| During passive ventricular filling, returning venous blood increases intra-atrial pressure until the ____________ are forced open and blood rushes into the relaxing ___________. | atrioventricular valves, ventricles
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| During passive ventricular filling, influx lasts approximately ___________. | 0.1 second
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| During passive ventricular filling, _________ results in a dramatic increase in ventricular volume. | influx
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| During passive ventricular filling, diastasis lasts approximately ___________. | 0.2 second
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| During passive ventricular filling, ___________ is a later, longer period of slow ventricular filling at the end of ventricular diastole. | diastasis
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| During passive ventricular filling, _____________ is characterized by a gradual increase in ventricular pressure and volume. | diastasis
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| The systolic sound is the ________ heart sound, believed to be caused primarily by the contraction of the _____________ and by vibrations of the closing ______________. | first, ventricles, atrioventricular valves
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| The diastolic sound is a short, sharp sound thought to be caused by vibrations of the closing of the _____________. | semilunar valves
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| Heart sounds have clinical significance because they give information about the functioning of the ____________ of the heart. | valves
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