Enabling occupation accross the lifespan
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| What are the two Pediatric approaches? What is the key difference? | Neuromaturational and Dynamic Systems
Movements and Muscles vs. Occupations
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| What is a Microsystem vs. Exosystem? | Immediately influence the person (family)
Distant influences on the person (Neighbors)
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| What is family centred therapy? | 1. Recognize family influence
2. Promote family's unique pattern
3. Family collaboration on therapy
4. Positive support of family
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| What is neuromaturation theory(2)? What are it's flaws (2)? | Neurodevelopement is sequential, and at the same rate for all. Enviromental interaction and individual variation
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| What is the Zone of proximal developement? | the distance between independent problem solving and guided problem solving
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| What is Dynamic System theory? | Many internal and external factors of the individual and enviroment interact to influence development.
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| What is Motor control | the ablility to regulate and direct movement
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| What are 4 example of bottom up approaches to correct motor dysfunction are are they effective? | Sensory integration
Neurodevelopment
Strenght training
perceptual motor training
No. Not effective
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| Motor control is far behind what you would expect for their age or IQ would suggest? | Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD)
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| How would dynamic theory be applied to therapy and is it effective? | Variety of real meaningful occupations, with the movements taught as a whole, with lots of variety and problem solving in the task.eg. you don't teach throwing a baseball segments at a time
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| What is an Attractor state? | Habits of movement
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| Making a maladaptive attractor state difficult or uncomfortable is called what? | Preturbation
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| Motor skill developement involves what three interteracting processes? | Cognition, perception, action
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| What are the three stages of motor skill developement? | 1. Cognitive-inconsistent and inefficient
2. Associative- refinement toward outcome
3. Autonomous- functional, automatic
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| What order does movement develope in babies? | Cephalo-Caudal, Gross-precise, Proximal-distal, Undifferentialted-specific.
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| The developement of movement of one limb at a time is called what? | Disassociation
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| What are early relfexes? When should they begin to disappear? | Survival responses in the brainstem and spinal cord. 4-6 months of age
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| Why would you test early reflexes? What is a common one? | Indication of neurological integrity, developeme. Postural reactions
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| What are equalibrium reactions? | The attempt to maintain centre of gravity inside the base of support
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| What 4 reactions all contribute to maintain postural control in infants? | Reflex reactions, righting reactions, equalibrium reactions, protective reactions
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| What is the sequence of development of movement in infants? | physiological flexion, active extension, active flexion and rotation, disassociation of movement, weight shift
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| When assessing movement in infants, what should be observed? | Weight shifting, base of support, control, mobility with stabilility, disassociation
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| From 0-12 months what are the stages of development of movement? | Neonatal-primitive reflexes
0-4 months-Head control, weight shift
4-8 months- Bilateral movements, Weight shift, Rotation
8-12 months- Rotation, Dissassociation, Movement
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| That are the stages of maturation of gait? | Immature: High arms, wide appart feet, anterior pelvic tilt, short steps,
Intermediate: arms at side, base in pelvis, heel/toe step,
Mature: swing arms, narrow base, relaxed stride, trunk rotation
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| What is postural control? | The act of maintaining, or restoring balance
not just do to CNS
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| Postural control is made of what three types of movement? | Maintenence of posture
Voluntary movement
Reacting
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| What is tasting, banging, waving, play play called? | Sensorimotor play
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| What is playing with dolls, tea sets, trucks called? | Object or pretend play
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| What are the three main types of play called? | Dramatic/symbolic play
Constructive play
Rough and tumble (eg. jumping & rolling)
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| How are position and balance sequenced? | Prone, Supine, Sitting, Quadruped, Standing
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| What are the four treatment views of childhood learning/writing intervention? | Biomechanical
Neurodevelopemental
Aquisition
Sensory motor integration
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| What is an example of biomechanical/neurodevelopemental intervention? | Sitting posture,elbow position
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| What is an example of Aquisitional intervention? | The focusing on the sequence of training
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| What is an example of sensory motor intervention? | Bright colors, thicker, heavier/lighter supplies
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| What is a standardized test, how many types are there? | On which is performed the same each time. Two types Criterion, and Normative
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| What is a norm referenced test? What is the problem with using norm referenced tests with children? | A group is compared to a known sample. It usually doesn't include children with disabilities or developement issues
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| How is the mean calculated? | The sum of the values divided by the number of values
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| How is the median value calculated? | It's the numerically ordered central value
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| How is the variance calculated? | The sum of the values minus the mean then squared then divided by the number of values
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| How is the z-score calculated? | The value minus the mean then divided by the standard deviation
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| How is the T-score calculated? | 10 times the zed score plus 50
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| How is percentile score calculated? | The number scores below the score plus half the number at the score divided by the total number X 100%
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| How is reliability calculated? | the standard deviation minus the retest coefficient then obtain the square root`
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| How is the inter-rater reliability calculated? | Taking the number of agreed items and dividing it by the total number of items then multiplying the outcome by 100
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| What is a standard deviation? | How far the scores range
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| What is a z score? | The score in reference to the mean
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| Age equivelent score is what? How is it misleading? | The age 50% of children are at or below the score. A score of less then 50% can still be normal
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| What is a correlation coefficient? | the strength of the relationship negative is inverse, positive is direct and 0 is non
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| What is the maximum and minimum correlation coefficient? | +1 or -1, and 0
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| What is validity? | The test measures what it's meant to
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| What are the 4 types of validity? | Construct validity, content-validity, criterion validity, and Rasch analysis
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| What is construct validity? | Measures a theoretical construct
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| What is content validity? | Measure how a few things related to a larger group
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| What is criterion validity? | Measuring agains other tests
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| What are the 5 approaches to improving childhood handwriting? | Neural develmental-posture and movements Aquisitional-practice Biomechanical-ergonomics Sensory motor- engaging other senses Psychosocail-rewards and enjoyment
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| What are extraneous movements in other limbs called when performing an action? | Associative reactions or mirror reactions
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| Visual perception involves what two processes? | Sensory and Cognitive Processes
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| What is a Receptive component? | extracting and organizing infomation
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| What is visual fixation? | the ability to focus on stationary objects
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| What is visual fixation? | the ability to focus on stationary objects
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| What does the dorsal stream of vision control? | Location, shape
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| What does the dorsal stream of vision control? | Location, shape
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| What does the ventral stream of vision control? | Color, name, details
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| When do early relfexes become a constraint function? | It's obligitory, and persists after age
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| When do early relfexes become a constraint function? | It's obligitory, and persists after age
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| Movement choice is influenced by what 3 factors? | The abilities of the child, the task, the environment
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| Movement choice is influenced by what 3 factors? | The abilities of the child, the task, the environment
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| What perceptual skill allows us to predict weight, texture and grasp? | Haptic Perception
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| What perceptual skill allows us to predict weight, texture and grasp? | Haptic Perception
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| What are the 5 stages of reach? | 1. Reach with eyes 2. symmetrical 3. unilateral 4. mature 5. refined
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| What are the 3 stages of release? | 1. Involuntary, 2. Transfer grasp, 3. Voluntary release
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| What are the 6 stages of inhand manipulation? | 1. Finger to palm 2. palm to finger 3. shift distal/proximal 4. rotation 5. complex rotation 6. rotation with stabilizatin
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| What functional prehension skills should we look for in children? | 1. play 2. Inhand manipulation 3. drawing/prewriting 4. handwriting 5. utensil use 6. fasteners
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| What is prehension? | Functional use of the arms and hands
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| What 5 things might we examine with children learning to use scissors/writing/pasting? | 1. Posture 2. Grasp 3. Bilateral 4. In hand manipulation 5. Sensory abilities
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| What functional prehension skills should we look for in children? | 1. play 2. Inhand manipulation 3. drawing/prewriting 4. handwriting 5. utensil use 6. fasteners
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| What 4 kinds of prehansion skill are part of play birth-10 months? | 1. Grasp 2. Reach 3. Release/Placement 4. Bilateral
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| What 5 things might we examine with children learning to use scissors/writing/pasting? | 1. Posture 2. Grasp 3. Bilateral 4. In hand manipulation 5. Sensory abilities
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| What is and excellent source of developemental info? | Parents and teachers
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| What 4 things need to be considered before intervention? | 1. Parent/Teacher expectations 2. What role OT to play 3. Resources available at home 4. Meaning to child
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| What are 6 common factors limiting school performance? | 1. hand function 2. neuromuscular 3. sensory ability 4. cognition 5. development 6. the environment
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| What 3 factors are required for using scissors? | Developental age, Hand skills ect..., Hand preference
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| What is the peabody used for? | Comparing motor developement, birth-6 ages
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| What is the BOT (Buiniks-Oseretsk) used for? | Measure Gross and Fine motor skills 4-21 yrs
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| Waht is the AIMS used for? | Gross motor skills 0-18months
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| What is the M-Fun used for? | Motor occupation involvement and limitations ages 2-8
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| What is a standardization assessment? | One in which is always performed uniformily differentiate pathologic, immature, from typical
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| What rules apply to age calculation? | Months are assumed to have 30 days Months are rounded up from 15 days
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| Basil and ceiling scores allow what? | shorten a test by assuming pass of earlier, Find ceiling scores
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| What are the two types of assessment tests? | Criterion-compares against a standard Norm refereced-on a normal curve
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| When comparing children against a norm referenced test what caution should be observed? | Were disabilities in the norm, what is the sample size
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| What does a standard score allow? | Comparison and conversion between tests
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| What measure of child performance should never be put in a report to parents? | Age equivilency, percentile rank, or total motor score
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| Along with standard score, what else should always be calculating for interpreting the score? | The standard error +- 2 standard deviations
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| Children within _________standard dev are considered developmentally normal? | 2 standard deviations
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| What is CP? | Non-progressive neurolical impairment of motor, sensation, congnitive, communicative, or behavior systems and/or epilepsy
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| What are the main types of CP? | Spastic-stiff muscles Athetoid-uncontrolled/floppy movement Ataxia-shaking Mixed-combined disorders
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| What are 3 types of spastic CP? | Unilateral-same side Bilateral-two legs Quad/tetraplegia-Most or all of the body
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| What are the three types of Athetoid? | Hypertonic Hyperkinetic Whole body Athetoid
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| What are the areas affected by ataxia? | appendicular or truncal
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| What are the two classification systems used for CP? | Gross motor functional classification system Manual Ability Classification System
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| What is muscle tone? | The ease a muscle can be stretched
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| What is clonus? | involuntary contractions and relaxations
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| What is dystonia? | Resistance to slow stretch
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| What does the GMFC measure vs. the MACS? | Walking ability vs. Hand use
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| What is stabismus? | Lazy or crossed eye
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| What is nystagmus? | Rapid uncontrolled movements of eyes
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| What is cortical blindness? | Blind do to occipital lobe
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| What are key indicators a child may have a visual problem? | Can't track with eyes and head, fixate and ignore details, school work
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| What is perception? | Awareness and interpretation
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| What are the 5 components of Visual Discrimination? | Recognition, Matching, Categorization, Object perception, Spacial perception
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| What is & what age does laterality develope? | Realizing you have a left and right, age 7
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| What is directionality? | THINGs have a right and left
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| Visual-motor integration, is good for what but bad for what? | Good for assessing handwriting readiness in kindergarden, but not school achievement later
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| What is the best predictor of handwriting legibility? | Motor planning
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| What does the Beery test? | Perception, motor control and voluntary motor integration
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| What is cognition? | All mental functions
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| Learning requires what 4 skills? | Automatization, Encoding (key aspects), Generalization (to circumstances), Strategy construction
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| How does cognition change with time? | More efficient, Increased memory capacity, More effective inhibition, Increased automacity, increased speed of processing
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| What key factors effect cognition? | Structural capacity-physical ability Personal capacity Self awareness Activity demands Processing strategies Enviromental factors
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| What is the first step of assessment used for? | For identifying school related problems
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| What is receptive language? | understanding language
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| What age does complex thought and internal monologue develope? | Age 7
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| Before assessing cognition what needs to be done? | Inform parents about the consequences of labels
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| What is an open skill? | In an open and unpredicatvle enviroment
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| What is a closed skill? | self-paced predictable skill
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| What are the 4 major socail development tasks? | Recognize self, Empathy, Morality/values, Consequences
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| What are the 4 responses to frustration? | Passive, aggression physical, verbal aggression, socailly acceptable behavior
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| What behavior 4 interventions can correct social behaviors? | Positive opposites-state alternatives Shift focus-to what's wanted Prais-good behavior Time out
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| How long should time out be for children? | 1 min for each year
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| What are 6 examples of socail cognitive ability? | Language comprehension, Perspective taking, Hypothesis formation, Inference making, Casual attribution, Social rule comprehension
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| What social skill developes at 24 months? | Self awareness
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| What socail skill developes 6-11 years? | Interaction with others
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| How does efficacy interact with importance for self esteem? | If bad at an unimportant skill, very little. if bad an an important skill a lot.
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| What is the most influential factor on self efficacy?; | Past performance
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| What are the ages and stages of friendship? | Momentary playmates-3-7 Oneway assistance 4-9 Two way fair weather 6-12 Intimate mutual 9-15 Matur relationship 12+
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| What do peers provide that adults don't? | Leader follower roles, other perspective, deal with aggression,
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| What social developemental tasks are between 12-18? | Sexuality, Identity Individual values
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| What is success? | Being happy, achieving personal realistic goals
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| What are methods of motivation? | Fun Games, Choice, Match their style
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| What are ways to intervene in an adolecent behavior problems? | Role play, practice responses, self time outs, reflection
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