AAB Study Exam
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| What is the composition of whole blood? | Plasma (55%) RBC's (45%) WBC/PLT (1%)
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| What is pancytopenia? | Reduction of all blood cell types including RBC (anemia), WBC (leukopenia), and platelets (thrombopenia).
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| What is hemostasis and which cell is primarily involved? | Hemostasis is also known as clotting. The major cell involved is platelets.
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| What stain is used to visualize retics? | Supravital stain
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| What portion of a retic is stained? | The residual ribosomal RNA
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| What is the normal range for retics in a normal adult? | 0.5 to 1.7%
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| Roleaux | Result of possible multiple myeloma, elevated fibrinogen or globulins in plasma. Looks like a stack of coins.
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| Which organs are part of the hematopoietic system? | The spleen, red marrow, liver, lymphnodes, and thymus.
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| What can polychromasia indicate? | Either that a treatment for anemia is working or that there is increased hemolysis of the RBC's.
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| Describe polychromasia. | Polychromatic cells are also referred to a retics. They are immature blood cells that are released into the blood stream. Usually occurs following acute or chronic hemorrhage, hemolysis, or as a regenerative rbc process.
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| Microcytes | Diameter of rbc is < 6um, MCV < 80 fL, caused by hb synthesis defect or IDA, thalassemia
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| Macrocytes | 9um or larger, MCv > 100 fL, caused by liver disease, post-splenectomy, megaloblastic conditions
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| What type of RBC's does the Osmotic fragility test for? | Spherocytes, they lyse faster than normal RBC's in hypotonic solns
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| What are common reasons to perform a sed rate? | To see if there is an inflammatory process taking place, multiple myeloma, PID, Lupus, RA, kidney disease.
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| What is the normal reference range for sed rate? | 0 to 20 mm/hr
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| Auer rods are only seen in which cell line? | Myeloloid
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| How do you calculate MCV? | hct/RBC x 10
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| how do you calculate MCH? | hgb/rbc x 10
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| How do you calculate MCHC? | hgb/hct x 100
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| Basophilic stippling can indicate | lead poisoning; congenital dyserythropoetic anemia; thalassemia alpha and beta (among others)
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| What is the osmotic fragility test for? | Shows the presence of spherocytes; hereditary spherocytosis, and hemolytic anemias are more fragile (also increased in old blood)
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| What is the RBC count, the indices and the typical RBC morphology of thalassemia? | increased RBC (erythroid hyperplasia); micro/hypo; target cells, basophilic stippling
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| What is the cause of siderocytes/sideroblasts? | Sideroblastic anemia; there is a disturbed or missing enzyme in the heme synthesis pathway; this leads to iron accumulation within mitochondria, which eventually rupture and deposit the iron into the cell
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| What condition causes increased Heinz bodies? | Glucose 6 Phosphate deficiencty (G6PD)
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| What are Heinz bodies made of? | denatured hemoglobin
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| What is basophillic stippling composed of? | RNA and ribosomes
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| What does Prussian blue stain? | Iron deposits
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| What is anemia in sickle cell caused by? | extravascular hemolysis (cells taken out by spleen)
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| What happens to the blood in alcoholism? | can cause stomatocytes and/or ecchinocytes
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| What are four states that can lead to target cells? | thalassemia; liver disease; hemoglobin C disorders; splenectomy
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| Congenital red cell aplasia is called . . | Diamond Blackfan
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| Congenital aplastic anemia is called . . . | Fanconi's anemia
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| What is G6PD? | glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiencty; the most common erythorcyte enzyme disorder
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| Fluid portion of blood | 1. Plasma- contains fibrinogen; 2. Serum- contains no fibrinogen (used to form clot)
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| Excess EDTA | Shrinkage of RBC's; Decreased hematocrit; Decreased ESR; Degenerated WBC; Increase MCHC; Platelet swell and break up causing an increased count
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| in lavender/Purple top test must be performed within how mant hours of collection | 2 Hours; After 6 hours RBC's swell and WBC's show vacuolization and pyknotic nucleus (dark RBC nucleus)
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| Blue Top | Containd Sodium CItrate 9:1; Choice for caogulation studies; Maintains stability of the coagulation factors ( Factor V- Proaccelerin, Factor VIII- Antihemophilic A)
Maintains functional abilities of platelets: ( Used for CBC if platelet clumps in EDT
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| Blue Top | Test plasma within 2 hours of collection otherwise freeze or refrigerate; 9:1 Ratio is critical (no short draws)
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| Adjusting anti-coagulant in blue top | Adjust amount of anticaogulant on patients with HCT above 55% ( high HCT means less plasma, less plasma needs less anticoagulant); citrate= (100 -HCT/595 -HCT) x amt of blood
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| Green Top | Contains heparin; Prevents coagulation by: 1. Interacting with anti-thrombin, 2. Inhibiting thrombin; Causes WBC and platelet clumping; Used in special hematology and chemistry
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| Gray Top | Contains( 1.Sodium Fluorde- preserves glucose and alcohol, 2. Potassium Oxalate- anticoagulant, binds calcium); For glucose and alcohol testing
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| Red Top | Contains no anticaogulant; Used for most chemistry tests
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| Tiger Top | aka " Marble top"; COntains no anticoagulant; Has silica gel at the bottom for serum and clot separation
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