CSU Research Terms (Mostly Quantitative)
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| Null hypothesis rejected in p... | p value is < .05
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| Nominal data | two or more mutually exclusive categories. male/female
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| Power | The ability to find differences between groups or correlations.
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| Research Reliability | Confirmability – This requires that researchers explain their procedures clearly
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| Placebo effect | subjects respond to a treatment with positive effects because they believe that it will work. Placebo effects occur in both experimental and control groups (both aspirin and sugar pills will have a placebo effect on headaches)
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| Hawthorne effect | subject's knowledge of participation in experiment influences results
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| Experimenter bias | expectations of investigator influence results. Blinding can help
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| Learning effect | Experience with pretest influences subject's scores on post test. Participants have learned the test.
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| Ordinal data | classifies and ranks in terms of the degree they possess a common characteristic. NOT equal intervals. MMT.
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| Interval data | Ranks on predetermined EQUAL INTERVALS. NO true ZERO. IQ, F/C temp
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| Ratio data | ranks based on EQUAL INTERVALS and TRUE ZERO POINT. most precise level of measurement. weight, time, inches, miles
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| Double blind study | subject & investigator not aware of group assignment (experimental or control)
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| Bind to test results | Anyone giving a test or assessment in a study should be blind to the results of other tests and blind to group assignment in order to avoid bias
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| Effect size | size of difference between sample means. T-tests, ANOVAs find a difference in group mean scores. Effect size describes the size of the difference
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| Generalizability | The degree to which findings apply to an entire population
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| Informed consent | A process by which participants learn about general nature of study, any risks, what will be done to minimize risks, possible benefits etc. before agreeing to be in a study
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| Control group | Group resembling experiemental group that does not receive independent variable.
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| Intervening variable | variable that alters the relationship between IND and DEP
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| Research Validity | Is NOT the same as assessment validity
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| Internal validity | degree observed differences in DEP variable are result of IND variable and not some other variable
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| External Validity | Degree results are generalizable to popn or to environmental settings outside of study
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| Sampling bias | sampling error - convenience sampling, increases risk of this. Large Random samples help samples to match populations.
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| n | Sample
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| N | Population
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| Independent Variable | A hypothesized cause of an effect.
Usually a treatment or intervention.
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| Dependent Variable | The effect that you are expecting based on a treatment, an intervention or some other independent variable.
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