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Nervous System Ch12 Terminology

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Answer
Central nervous system   CNS  
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Brain   encephal/o  
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Spinal cord   myel/o  
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Peripheral nervous system   PNS  
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Afferent/sensory   Carry impulses to the brain  
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Efferent/motor   Carry impulses away from the brain  
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Somatic   Voluntary  
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Autonomic   Involuntary  
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Neurons   neur/o  
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Dendrites   (dendr/o) Projections from the cell body that receive neural impulses.  
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Cell body   Control center of the cell  
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Axon   Myelin sheath- white substance that coats the axons  
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Schwann cells   produce myelin  
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Synapse   Space between terminal fibers and dendrites  
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Gila/neuroglia   (gli/o) Physically hold the neurons together and protect them  
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Astrocytes   (astr/o) connect neurons and blood vessels  
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Brain-divided into 4 parts...   Cerebrum Cerebellum Diencephalon Brainstem  
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Spinal cord   cord/o, myel/o  
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Cerebrum   Largest portion of the brain cerebral cortex  
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Frontal lobe   speech and motor area  
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Temporal lobe   auditory and olfactory  
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Parietal lobe   touch and taste  
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Occipital lobe   vision  
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Diencephalon   Thalamus Hypothalamus  
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Brain stem   Midbrain Reflex center for eye and head movement  
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Pons   "bridge" between medulla oblongata and the cerebrum  
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Medulla Oblongata   regulates heart rate, blood pressure and breathing  
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Spinal cord   Medulla oblongata to L1 Cauda equina Nerve roots  
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Nerve roots   radicul/o, rhiz/o  
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Meninges   (mening/o, meningi/o) protective covering for the CNS  
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Dura mater   (dur/o) outer covering for the meninges Subdural space between dura mater and arachnoid membrane  
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Arachnoid membrane   Subarachnoid space contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) CSF also found in ventricles of the brain  
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Cranial nerves   12 pairs which conduct impulses between the brain and the head, neck, thoracic and abdominal areas  
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Spinal nerves   31 pairs Named for their location: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal  
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Dermatomes   Skin Surfaces supplied by a single afferent spinal nerve.  
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Sympathetic nervous system   "fight-or-flight" response  
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Parasympathetic nervous system   "rest and digest"  
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Amnesia   Loss of memory caused by brain damage or trauma  
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Aphasia   Lack of ability to form or understand speech  
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Dysphagia   Condition of difficulty with swallowing  
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Dyssomnia   disorders of sleep-awake cycles  
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Insomnia   inability to sleep or stay asleep  
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Hypersomnia   excessive depth or length of sleep  
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Fasciculation   involuntary contraction of small, local muscles  
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Gait, abnormal   Disorder in the manner of walking  
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Neuralgia   Nerve pain  
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Paresthesia   feeling of prickling, burning or numbness  
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Seizure   Neuromuscular reaction to abnormal electrical activity within the brain; also called convulsions.  
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Syncope   Fainting  
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Vertigo   Dizziness  
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Acalculia   inability to perform mathematical calculations  
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Agnosia   Inability to recognize objects visually, auditorily or with other senses  
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Agraphia   Inability to write  
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Anosmia   Lack of sense of smell  
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Apraxia   Inability to perform purposeful movements or to use objects appropriately  
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Dyslexia   Inability or difficulty with reading and/or writing.  
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gnos/o   knowledge  
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graph/o   record  
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osm/o   sense of smell  
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prax/o   purposeful movement  
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lex/o   word  
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Hydrocephalus   Condition of abnormal accumulation of fluid in the ventricles of the brain  
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Spina bifida   Condition in which the spinal column has an abnormal opening/ herniation that allows protrusion of the meninges and/or the spinal cord. Aka: Meningocele or Meningomyelocele  
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Tay-Sachs   Inherited disease that occurs mainly in people of Eastern European Jewish origin Enzyme deficiency that results in CNS deterioration  
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Coma   Deep, prolonged unconsciousness from which the patient cannot be aroused.  
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Concussion   Serious head injury characterized by loss of consciousness, amnesia, seizures  
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Cerebral contusion   head injury of the sufficient force bruise the brain  
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Hematoma   Localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, tissue or space, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel  
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Herniated intervertebral disk   Displacement of an intervertebral disk so that is presses on a nerve, causing pain and/or numbness.  
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Alzheimer's disease   (AD) Progressive, neurodegenerative disease in which patients exhibit an impairment of cognitive functioning. Cause: unknown  
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis   (ALS) Lou Gehrig disease Degenerative, fatal disease of the motor neurons in which patients exhibit progressive muscle weakness and atrophy.  
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Multiple Sclerosis   (MS) Neurodegenerative disease characterized be destruction of the myelin sheaths of the CNS neurons.  
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Parkinson disease   (PD) Progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by tremors, fasciculations, slow shuffling gait, hypokinesia, dysphasia and dysphagia.  
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Bell Palsy   Paralysis of facial nerves  
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Epilepsy   Group of disorders characterized by some or all of the following: recurrent seizures, sensory disturbances, abnormal behavior and/or loss of consciousness.  
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Narcolepsy   sudden attacks of sleep  
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Tourette syndrome   Abnormal condition characterized by facial grimaces, tics, involuntary arm and shoulder movements and involuntary vocalizations.  
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***Encephalitis   Inflammation of the brain, most frequently caused by a virus transmitted by the bite of an infected mosquito.  
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***Meningitis   any infection of inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.  
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***Neuritis   inflammation of the nerves  
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***Polyneuritis   inflammation of several/many peripheral nerves.  
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***Radiculitis   Inflammation of the root of a spinal nerve  
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***Sciatica   Inflammation of the sciatic nerve, causing pain and tenderness along the path of the nerve through the thigh and leg  
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***Shingles   Acute infection caused by the latent/dormant varicella zoster virus (Chicken pox).  
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Cerebrovascular accident   (CVA) Ischemia of cerebral tissue due to an occlusion (blockage) from thrombus or embolus. Sequelae (an aftereffect of a disease) may include paralysis, weakness, speech defects, sensory changes that last longer than 24 hours or death.  
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Migraine   headache of vascular origin.  
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Transient ischemic attack   (TIA) TIA has the same mechanisms as a CVA, but the sequelae resolve and disappear within 24 hours.  
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Paralysis   loss of muscle function  
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Diplegia   Paralysis of the same body part on both sides of the body  
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Hemiplegia   Paralysis on the left or right side  
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Monoplegia   Paralysis of one limb  
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Paraplegia   Paralysis of the lower limbs and trunk  
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Quadriplegia   Paralysis of arms, legs, and trunk  
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Cerebral angiography   x-ray of the cerebral arteries, including the internal carotids, taken after the injection of a contrast medium  
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Echoencephalography   Ultrasound exam of the brain  
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Myelography   x-ray of teh spinal canal after the introduction of a radiopague substance  
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Positron emission tomography   (PET)  
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electroencephalography   (EEG) record of the electrical activity of the brain.  
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Multiple sleep latency test   (MSLT) test that consists of a series of short, daytime naps in the sleep lab to measure daytime sleepiness and how fast the patient falls asleep.  
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Polysomnography   Measurement and record of a number of functions while the patient is asleep.  
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Babinski reflex   in normal conditions, the dorsiflexion of the great toe when the plantar surface of the sole is stimulated.  
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cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis   examination of fluid from the CNS to detect pathogens and abnormalities.  
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Lumbar puncture   (LP) Procedure to aspirate CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) from the lumbar subarachnoid space for diagnostic purposes.  
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Craniectomy   removal of part of the skull  
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Craniotomy   incision into the skull  
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stereotaxic radiosurgery   surgery using radio waves to localize structures within 3-D space  
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ventriculoperitoneostomy   also known as a VP shunt Procedure to drain fluid from brain ventricles through a shunt or catheter and valve that leads to the abdominal cavity.  
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Vagotomy   Cutting of a branch of the vagus nerve to reduce the secretion of gastric acid.  
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nerve block   use of anesthesia to prevent sensory nerve impulses from reaching the CNS  
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neurectomy   excision of part or all of a nerve  
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neurolysis   destruction of a nerve  
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neuroplasty   surgical repair of a nerve  
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neurorrhaphy   suture of a severed nerve  
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neurotomy   incision of a nerve  
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carotid endarterectomy   removal of the atheromatous plaque lining the carotid artery to increase blood flow and leave a smooth surface  
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cordotomy   incision of the spinal cord to relieve pain  
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rhizotomy   resection of the dorsal root of a spinal nerve to relieve pain  
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sympathectomy   surgical interruption of part of the sympathetic pathways for the relief of chronic pain or to promote vasodilation  
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TENS   transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation -method of pain control by application of electrical impulses to the skin  
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ALS   amyotrophic lateral sclerosis  
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CVA   cerebrovascular accident  
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TIA   transient ischemic attack  
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