Nervous System Ch12 Terminology
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Central nervous system | CNS
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Brain | encephal/o
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Spinal cord | myel/o
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Peripheral nervous system | PNS
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Afferent/sensory | Carry impulses to the brain
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Efferent/motor | Carry impulses away from the brain
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Somatic | Voluntary
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Autonomic | Involuntary
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Neurons | neur/o
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Dendrites | (dendr/o)
Projections from the cell body that receive neural impulses.
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Cell body | Control center of the cell
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Axon | Myelin sheath- white substance that coats the axons
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Schwann cells | produce myelin
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Synapse | Space between terminal fibers and dendrites
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Gila/neuroglia | (gli/o)
Physically hold the neurons together and protect them
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Astrocytes | (astr/o)
connect neurons and blood vessels
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Brain-divided into 4 parts... | Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Brainstem
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Spinal cord | cord/o, myel/o
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Cerebrum | Largest portion of the brain
cerebral cortex
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Frontal lobe | speech and motor area
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Temporal lobe | auditory and olfactory
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Parietal lobe | touch and taste
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Occipital lobe | vision
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Diencephalon | Thalamus
Hypothalamus
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Brain stem | Midbrain
Reflex center for eye and head movement
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Pons | "bridge" between medulla oblongata and the cerebrum
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Medulla Oblongata | regulates heart rate, blood pressure and breathing
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Spinal cord | Medulla oblongata to L1
Cauda equina
Nerve roots
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Nerve roots | radicul/o, rhiz/o
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Meninges | (mening/o, meningi/o)
protective covering for the CNS
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Dura mater | (dur/o)
outer covering for the meninges
Subdural space between dura mater and arachnoid membrane
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Arachnoid membrane | Subarachnoid space
contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
CSF also found in ventricles of the brain
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Cranial nerves | 12 pairs which conduct impulses between the brain and the head, neck, thoracic and abdominal areas
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Spinal nerves | 31 pairs
Named for their location: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal
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Dermatomes | Skin Surfaces supplied by a single afferent spinal nerve.
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Sympathetic nervous system | "fight-or-flight" response
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Parasympathetic nervous system | "rest and digest"
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Amnesia | Loss of memory caused by brain damage or trauma
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Aphasia | Lack of ability to form or understand speech
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Dysphagia | Condition of difficulty with swallowing
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Dyssomnia | disorders of sleep-awake cycles
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Insomnia | inability to sleep or stay asleep
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Hypersomnia | excessive depth or length of sleep
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Fasciculation | involuntary contraction of small, local muscles
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Gait, abnormal | Disorder in the manner of walking
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Neuralgia | Nerve pain
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Paresthesia | feeling of prickling, burning or numbness
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Seizure | Neuromuscular reaction to abnormal electrical activity within the brain; also called convulsions.
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Syncope | Fainting
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Vertigo | Dizziness
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Acalculia | inability to perform mathematical calculations
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Agnosia | Inability to recognize objects visually, auditorily or with other senses
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Agraphia | Inability to write
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Anosmia | Lack of sense of smell
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Apraxia | Inability to perform purposeful movements or to use objects appropriately
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Dyslexia | Inability or difficulty with reading and/or writing.
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gnos/o | knowledge
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graph/o | record
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osm/o | sense of smell
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prax/o | purposeful movement
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lex/o | word
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Hydrocephalus | Condition of abnormal accumulation of fluid in the ventricles of the brain
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Spina bifida | Condition in which the spinal column has an abnormal opening/ herniation that allows protrusion of the meninges and/or the spinal cord.
Aka: Meningocele or Meningomyelocele
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Tay-Sachs | Inherited disease that occurs mainly in people of Eastern European Jewish origin
Enzyme deficiency that results in CNS deterioration
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Coma | Deep, prolonged unconsciousness from which the patient cannot be aroused.
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Concussion | Serious head injury characterized by loss of consciousness, amnesia, seizures
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Cerebral contusion | head injury of the sufficient force bruise the brain
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Hematoma | Localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, tissue or space, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel
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Herniated intervertebral disk | Displacement of an intervertebral disk so that is presses on a nerve, causing pain and/or numbness.
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Alzheimer's disease | (AD)
Progressive, neurodegenerative disease in which patients exhibit an impairment of cognitive functioning.
Cause: unknown
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | (ALS)
Lou Gehrig disease
Degenerative, fatal disease of the motor neurons in which patients exhibit progressive muscle weakness and atrophy.
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Multiple Sclerosis | (MS)
Neurodegenerative disease characterized be destruction of the myelin sheaths of the CNS neurons.
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Parkinson disease | (PD)
Progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by tremors, fasciculations, slow shuffling gait, hypokinesia, dysphasia and dysphagia.
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Bell Palsy | Paralysis of facial nerves
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Epilepsy | Group of disorders characterized by some or all of the following: recurrent seizures, sensory disturbances, abnormal behavior and/or loss of consciousness.
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Narcolepsy | sudden attacks of sleep
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Tourette syndrome | Abnormal condition characterized by facial grimaces, tics, involuntary arm and shoulder movements and involuntary vocalizations.
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***Encephalitis | Inflammation of the brain, most frequently caused by a virus transmitted by the bite of an infected mosquito.
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***Meningitis | any infection of inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.
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***Neuritis | inflammation of the nerves
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***Polyneuritis | inflammation of several/many peripheral nerves.
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***Radiculitis | Inflammation of the root of a spinal nerve
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***Sciatica | Inflammation of the sciatic nerve, causing pain and tenderness along the path of the nerve through the thigh and leg
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***Shingles | Acute infection caused by the latent/dormant varicella zoster virus (Chicken pox).
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Cerebrovascular accident | (CVA)
Ischemia of cerebral tissue due to an occlusion (blockage) from thrombus or embolus. Sequelae (an aftereffect of a disease) may include paralysis, weakness, speech defects, sensory changes that last longer than 24 hours or death.
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Migraine | headache of vascular origin.
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Transient ischemic attack | (TIA)
TIA has the same mechanisms as a CVA, but the sequelae resolve and disappear within 24 hours.
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Paralysis | loss of muscle function
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Diplegia | Paralysis of the same body part on both sides of the body
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Hemiplegia | Paralysis on the left or right side
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Monoplegia | Paralysis of one limb
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Paraplegia | Paralysis of the lower limbs and trunk
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Quadriplegia | Paralysis of arms, legs, and trunk
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Cerebral angiography | x-ray of the cerebral arteries, including the internal carotids, taken after the injection of a contrast medium
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Echoencephalography | Ultrasound exam of the brain
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Myelography | x-ray of teh spinal canal after the introduction of a radiopague substance
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Positron emission tomography | (PET)
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electroencephalography | (EEG)
record of the electrical activity of the brain.
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Multiple sleep latency test | (MSLT)
test that consists of a series of short, daytime naps in the sleep lab to measure daytime sleepiness and how fast the patient falls asleep.
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Polysomnography | Measurement and record of a number of functions while the patient is asleep.
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Babinski reflex | in normal conditions, the dorsiflexion of the great toe when the plantar surface of the sole is stimulated.
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cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis | examination of fluid from the CNS to detect pathogens and abnormalities.
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Lumbar puncture | (LP)
Procedure to aspirate CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) from the lumbar subarachnoid space for diagnostic purposes.
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Craniectomy | removal of part of the skull
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Craniotomy | incision into the skull
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stereotaxic radiosurgery | surgery using radio waves to localize structures within 3-D space
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ventriculoperitoneostomy | also known as a VP shunt
Procedure to drain fluid from brain ventricles through a shunt or catheter and valve that leads to the abdominal cavity.
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Vagotomy | Cutting of a branch of the vagus nerve to reduce the secretion of gastric acid.
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nerve block | use of anesthesia to prevent sensory nerve impulses from reaching the CNS
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neurectomy | excision of part or all of a nerve
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neurolysis | destruction of a nerve
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neuroplasty | surgical repair of a nerve
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neurorrhaphy | suture of a severed nerve
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neurotomy | incision of a nerve
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carotid endarterectomy | removal of the atheromatous plaque lining the carotid artery to increase blood flow and leave a smooth surface
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cordotomy | incision of the spinal cord to relieve pain
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rhizotomy | resection of the dorsal root of a spinal nerve to relieve pain
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sympathectomy | surgical interruption of part of the sympathetic pathways for the relief of chronic pain or to promote vasodilation
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TENS | transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
-method of pain control by application of electrical impulses to the skin
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ALS | amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
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CVA | cerebrovascular accident
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TIA | transient ischemic attack
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