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SRGT Ch12 Terminolog
Nervous System Ch12 Terminology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Central nervous system | CNS |
| Brain | encephal/o |
| Spinal cord | myel/o |
| Peripheral nervous system | PNS |
| Afferent/sensory | Carry impulses to the brain |
| Efferent/motor | Carry impulses away from the brain |
| Somatic | Voluntary |
| Autonomic | Involuntary |
| Neurons | neur/o |
| Dendrites | (dendr/o) Projections from the cell body that receive neural impulses. |
| Cell body | Control center of the cell |
| Axon | Myelin sheath- white substance that coats the axons |
| Schwann cells | produce myelin |
| Synapse | Space between terminal fibers and dendrites |
| Gila/neuroglia | (gli/o) Physically hold the neurons together and protect them |
| Astrocytes | (astr/o) connect neurons and blood vessels |
| Brain-divided into 4 parts... | Cerebrum Cerebellum Diencephalon Brainstem |
| Spinal cord | cord/o, myel/o |
| Cerebrum | Largest portion of the brain cerebral cortex |
| Frontal lobe | speech and motor area |
| Temporal lobe | auditory and olfactory |
| Parietal lobe | touch and taste |
| Occipital lobe | vision |
| Diencephalon | Thalamus Hypothalamus |
| Brain stem | Midbrain Reflex center for eye and head movement |
| Pons | "bridge" between medulla oblongata and the cerebrum |
| Medulla Oblongata | regulates heart rate, blood pressure and breathing |
| Spinal cord | Medulla oblongata to L1 Cauda equina Nerve roots |
| Nerve roots | radicul/o, rhiz/o |
| Meninges | (mening/o, meningi/o) protective covering for the CNS |
| Dura mater | (dur/o) outer covering for the meninges Subdural space between dura mater and arachnoid membrane |
| Arachnoid membrane | Subarachnoid space contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) CSF also found in ventricles of the brain |
| Cranial nerves | 12 pairs which conduct impulses between the brain and the head, neck, thoracic and abdominal areas |
| Spinal nerves | 31 pairs Named for their location: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal |
| Dermatomes | Skin Surfaces supplied by a single afferent spinal nerve. |
| Sympathetic nervous system | "fight-or-flight" response |
| Parasympathetic nervous system | "rest and digest" |
| Amnesia | Loss of memory caused by brain damage or trauma |
| Aphasia | Lack of ability to form or understand speech |
| Dysphagia | Condition of difficulty with swallowing |
| Dyssomnia | disorders of sleep-awake cycles |
| Insomnia | inability to sleep or stay asleep |
| Hypersomnia | excessive depth or length of sleep |
| Fasciculation | involuntary contraction of small, local muscles |
| Gait, abnormal | Disorder in the manner of walking |
| Neuralgia | Nerve pain |
| Paresthesia | feeling of prickling, burning or numbness |
| Seizure | Neuromuscular reaction to abnormal electrical activity within the brain; also called convulsions. |
| Syncope | Fainting |
| Vertigo | Dizziness |
| Acalculia | inability to perform mathematical calculations |
| Agnosia | Inability to recognize objects visually, auditorily or with other senses |
| Agraphia | Inability to write |
| Anosmia | Lack of sense of smell |
| Apraxia | Inability to perform purposeful movements or to use objects appropriately |
| Dyslexia | Inability or difficulty with reading and/or writing. |
| gnos/o | knowledge |
| graph/o | record |
| osm/o | sense of smell |
| prax/o | purposeful movement |
| lex/o | word |
| Hydrocephalus | Condition of abnormal accumulation of fluid in the ventricles of the brain |
| Spina bifida | Condition in which the spinal column has an abnormal opening/ herniation that allows protrusion of the meninges and/or the spinal cord. Aka: Meningocele or Meningomyelocele |
| Tay-Sachs | Inherited disease that occurs mainly in people of Eastern European Jewish origin Enzyme deficiency that results in CNS deterioration |
| Coma | Deep, prolonged unconsciousness from which the patient cannot be aroused. |
| Concussion | Serious head injury characterized by loss of consciousness, amnesia, seizures |
| Cerebral contusion | head injury of the sufficient force bruise the brain |
| Hematoma | Localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, tissue or space, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel |
| Herniated intervertebral disk | Displacement of an intervertebral disk so that is presses on a nerve, causing pain and/or numbness. |
| Alzheimer's disease | (AD) Progressive, neurodegenerative disease in which patients exhibit an impairment of cognitive functioning. Cause: unknown |
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | (ALS) Lou Gehrig disease Degenerative, fatal disease of the motor neurons in which patients exhibit progressive muscle weakness and atrophy. |
| Multiple Sclerosis | (MS) Neurodegenerative disease characterized be destruction of the myelin sheaths of the CNS neurons. |
| Parkinson disease | (PD) Progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by tremors, fasciculations, slow shuffling gait, hypokinesia, dysphasia and dysphagia. |
| Bell Palsy | Paralysis of facial nerves |
| Epilepsy | Group of disorders characterized by some or all of the following: recurrent seizures, sensory disturbances, abnormal behavior and/or loss of consciousness. |
| Narcolepsy | sudden attacks of sleep |
| Tourette syndrome | Abnormal condition characterized by facial grimaces, tics, involuntary arm and shoulder movements and involuntary vocalizations. |
| ***Encephalitis | Inflammation of the brain, most frequently caused by a virus transmitted by the bite of an infected mosquito. |
| ***Meningitis | any infection of inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. |
| ***Neuritis | inflammation of the nerves |
| ***Polyneuritis | inflammation of several/many peripheral nerves. |
| ***Radiculitis | Inflammation of the root of a spinal nerve |
| ***Sciatica | Inflammation of the sciatic nerve, causing pain and tenderness along the path of the nerve through the thigh and leg |
| ***Shingles | Acute infection caused by the latent/dormant varicella zoster virus (Chicken pox). |
| Cerebrovascular accident | (CVA) Ischemia of cerebral tissue due to an occlusion (blockage) from thrombus or embolus. Sequelae (an aftereffect of a disease) may include paralysis, weakness, speech defects, sensory changes that last longer than 24 hours or death. |
| Migraine | headache of vascular origin. |
| Transient ischemic attack | (TIA) TIA has the same mechanisms as a CVA, but the sequelae resolve and disappear within 24 hours. |
| Paralysis | loss of muscle function |
| Diplegia | Paralysis of the same body part on both sides of the body |
| Hemiplegia | Paralysis on the left or right side |
| Monoplegia | Paralysis of one limb |
| Paraplegia | Paralysis of the lower limbs and trunk |
| Quadriplegia | Paralysis of arms, legs, and trunk |
| Cerebral angiography | x-ray of the cerebral arteries, including the internal carotids, taken after the injection of a contrast medium |
| Echoencephalography | Ultrasound exam of the brain |
| Myelography | x-ray of teh spinal canal after the introduction of a radiopague substance |
| Positron emission tomography | (PET) |
| electroencephalography | (EEG) record of the electrical activity of the brain. |
| Multiple sleep latency test | (MSLT) test that consists of a series of short, daytime naps in the sleep lab to measure daytime sleepiness and how fast the patient falls asleep. |
| Polysomnography | Measurement and record of a number of functions while the patient is asleep. |
| Babinski reflex | in normal conditions, the dorsiflexion of the great toe when the plantar surface of the sole is stimulated. |
| cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis | examination of fluid from the CNS to detect pathogens and abnormalities. |
| Lumbar puncture | (LP) Procedure to aspirate CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) from the lumbar subarachnoid space for diagnostic purposes. |
| Craniectomy | removal of part of the skull |
| Craniotomy | incision into the skull |
| stereotaxic radiosurgery | surgery using radio waves to localize structures within 3-D space |
| ventriculoperitoneostomy | also known as a VP shunt Procedure to drain fluid from brain ventricles through a shunt or catheter and valve that leads to the abdominal cavity. |
| Vagotomy | Cutting of a branch of the vagus nerve to reduce the secretion of gastric acid. |
| nerve block | use of anesthesia to prevent sensory nerve impulses from reaching the CNS |
| neurectomy | excision of part or all of a nerve |
| neurolysis | destruction of a nerve |
| neuroplasty | surgical repair of a nerve |
| neurorrhaphy | suture of a severed nerve |
| neurotomy | incision of a nerve |
| carotid endarterectomy | removal of the atheromatous plaque lining the carotid artery to increase blood flow and leave a smooth surface |
| cordotomy | incision of the spinal cord to relieve pain |
| rhizotomy | resection of the dorsal root of a spinal nerve to relieve pain |
| sympathectomy | surgical interruption of part of the sympathetic pathways for the relief of chronic pain or to promote vasodilation |
| TENS | transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation -method of pain control by application of electrical impulses to the skin |
| ALS | amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
| CVA | cerebrovascular accident |
| TIA | transient ischemic attack |
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