Cardiovascular System Ch10 Terminology
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| Vessels | vascul/o, angio/o, vas/o
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| Aorta | aort/o
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| Arteries | arteri/o
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| Arterioles | arteriol/o
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| Capillaries | capillar/o
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| Venules | venul/o
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| Veins | ven/o, phleb/o
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| Location of heart... | in the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity, slightly left of the midline
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| Coronary arteries/heart muscle | dedicated system of blood supply
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| Atria *** | atri/o
upper chambers
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| Ventricles *** | ventricul/o
lower chambers
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| Septa *** | sept/o
tissue wall between the chambers
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| Endocardium *** | endocardi/o
inner lining of each of the chambers
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| Myocardium *** | myocardi/o
cardiac muscle
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| Pericardium *** | pericardi/o
surrounds the heart
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| Visceral pericardium *** | (epicardium)
inner surface of double fold
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| Parietal pericardium *** | outer membrane
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| BPM | beats per minute
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| Normal HR | 60-100 bpm
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| BP | blood pressure
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| sphygmomanometer | BP cuff
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| Systole | contractive phase (120/)
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| Diastole | relaxation phase (/80)
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| SA | sinoatrial node
natural pacemaker of the heart
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| AV | atrioventricular node
carries electrical signal
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| NSR | normal sinus rhythm (normal electrical activity)
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| Arrhythmias | deviation of electrical signal or abnormal rhythm
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| Bundle of His | (atroventricular bundle)
in the interatrial septum and its right and left bundle branches transmit the impulse to the Purkinje fibers in the right and left ventricles
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| Purkinje fibers | receive stimulation from Bundle of His and cause ventricles to undergo electrical changes that signal contraction to force blood out to the pulmonary arteries and the aorta
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| Bradycardia | slow heartbeat (below 60 bpm)
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| Tachycardia | rapid heartbeat (more than 100 bpm)
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| Cardiodynia | heart pain
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| Cardiomegaly | enlargement of the heart
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| Cyanosis | lack of oxygen in blood
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| Diaphoresis | profuse sweating
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| Claudication | cramp-like pains in the calves caused by poor circulation
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| Dyspnea | difficult and/or painful breathing
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| Edema | abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces of tissues
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| Bruit | abnormal sound (blowing, whistling) heard when an artery is ascultated (act of listening for sounds made by body organs)
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| Pallor | paleness of skin and/or mucous membranes
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| Palpitations | pounding or racing of the heart
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| Pulmonary congestion | excessive amount of blood in the pulmonary vessels
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| SOB | shortness of breath
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| Syncope | fainting or loss of consciousness
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| Thrill | fine vibration felt by the examiner on palpation
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| Palpation | examine by touch
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| Coarctation of aorta | localized narrowing of the aorta
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| PDA | (patent ductus arteriosus)
abnormal opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta
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| ASD | atrial septal defect
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| VSD | ventricular septal defect
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| Tetralogy of Fallot | congenital anomaly that consists of four defects
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| AS | (aortic stenosis)
narrowing of the aortic valve
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| MS | (mitral stenosis)
narrowing of the valve between the left atrium and left ventricle
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| TS | (tricuspid stenosis)
narrowing of the tricuspid valve
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| MR | (mitral regurgitation)
backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium
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| MVP | protrusion of one or both cusps of the mitral valve back into the left atrium
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| Orthopnea | condition in which a person must sit or stand to breathe comfortably
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| Valvulitis | inflammatory condition of a valve
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| Infarction | tissue death
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| Arrhythmia | abnormal variation from the normal heartbeat rhythm (dysrhythmia)
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| Ectopic beats | heartbeats that occur outside of a normal rhythm
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| Angina pectoris | chest pain that is often accompanied by SOB and a sensation of impending doom
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| CAD | (coronary artery disease)
accumulation and hardening of plaque in the coronary arteries that eventually can deprive the heart muscle of oxygen, leading to angina
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| MI | (myocardial infarction)
cardiac tissue death that occurs when the coronary arteries are occluded by atheroma (fat or lipids on the wall of an artery) or a blood clot
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| Cardiac tamponade | compression of the heart caused by fluid in the pericardial sac
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| Cardiomyopathy | progressive disorder of the ventricles of the heart
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| HF | (heart failure)
inability of the heart to pump blood efficiently
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| Endocarditis | inflammation of the endocardium
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| Pericarditis | inflammation of the pericardium
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| Arteriosclerosis | arterial walls become thickened and lose their elasticity WITHOUT the presence of atheromas
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| Atheroscelrosis | medium and large arteries have atheromas, which reduce or obstruct blood flow
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| Aneurysm | localized dilation of an artery caused by a congenital or acquired weakness in the wall of the vessel
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| Hemorrhoid | varicose condition of the external or internal rectal veins
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| Hypertension | HTN
high or elevated blood pressure
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| Hypotension | below normal blood pressure
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| Peripheral arterial occlusion | blockage of blood flow to the lower extremities
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| PVD | (peripheral vascular disorder)
any vascular disease limited to the extremities
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| Thrombophlebitis | inflammation of either deep or superficial veins
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| Varicose veins | elongated, dilated superficial veins with incompetent valves that permit reverse blood flow
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| Vasculitis | inflammation of the blood vessels
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| PET | (positron emission tomography)
computerized nuclear medicine procedure that uses inhaled or injected radioactive substances to help identify how much a patient will benefit from revascularization procedures
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| Radiography | x-rays
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| Phlebography | x-rays of a vein after the introduction of a contrast dye
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| Cardiac catheterization | threading of a catheter into the heart to collect diagnostic infomration about structures in the heart, coronary arteries and great vessels
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| Swan-Ganz catheter | long, thin cardiac catheter with a tiny balloon at the tip used to determine left ventricular function by measuring pulmonary capillary wedge pressure
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| ECG/EKG | (electrocardiography)
recording of electrical impulses of the heart [the record is called an electrocardiogram]
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| Holter monitor | portable electrocardiograph that is worn to record the reaction of the heart to daily activities
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| cardiac pacemaker | small battery operated device that helps the heart beat in a regular rhythm
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| CABG | (coronary artery bypass graft)
open heart surgery in which a piece of blood vessel from another location is grafted onto one of the coronary arteries to reroute blood around a blockage
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| ECC | extracorporeal ciculation
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| LVAD | left ventricular assist device
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| MIDCAB | minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass
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| PTCA | (percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty)
surgical procedure in which a catheter is threaded into the coronary artery affected by atheroscerotic heart disease
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| Pericardiocentesis | aspiration of fluid from the pericardium to treat cardiac tamponade
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| PACAB | (port-access coronary artery bypass)
procedure in which the heart is stopped and bypass surgery is accomplished through small incisions in the chest
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| Vavuloplasty | repair of a stenosed heart valve with the use of a balloon-tipped catheter
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| CO2 | carbon dioxide
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| PA | pulmonary artery
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| Atypical pain | (cardiac pain) stabbing or burning that is variable in location and intensity and unrelated to exertion
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| Ischemic pain | pressing, squeezing or weight-like cardiac pain caused by decreased blood supply and usually only lasts only minutes
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| -pnea | breathing
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| Coarctation | narrowing
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| Patent | open
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| Tetra- | four
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| Ec- | out of
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| top/o | place
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| Coron/o | heart
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| Ather/o | fat, plaque
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| DVT | deep vein thrombosis
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| Varic/o | dilated vein
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| TEE | (transesophageal echocardiography)
images the heart through a transducer introduced into the esophagus
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| CPR | cardiopulmonary resuscitation
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