Musculoskeletal System Ch3 Terminology
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| Hematopoiesis | formation of blood
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| Ligaments | Fibrous bands of tissue that attach bone to bone
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| Tendons | Bands of tissue that attach muscle to bone
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| Fascia | Tough fibrous covering of the muscles
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| Cartilage | Covers the ends of many bones and serves a protective function
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| Rheumatology | Disorders of connective tissue
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| Axial Skeleton | Skull, rib cage and spine
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| Appendicular Skeleton | Shoulder bones, collar bones, pelvic bones, legs and arms
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| Shapes: Long bones | Humerus (upper arm), femur (thigh bone)
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| Shapes: Short bones | Carpal (wrist bone), tarsal (ankle bone)
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| Shapes: Flat bones | Sternum (breastbone), scapula (shoulder blade)
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| Shapes: Irregular bones | Vertebra (back bone), stapes (bone of the middle ear)
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| Shapes: Sesamoid bones | Patella (knee cap)
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| Osteocytes | Mature bone cells
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| Matrix | Material between the cells
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| Osteoblasts | Build bone
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| Osteoclasts | Break down bone cells to transform them as needed
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| Compact bone | Hard bone
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| Cancellous | Spongy bone
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| Medullary cavity | Bone marrow (myel/o)
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| Long bones: Diaphysis | Long shaft of bone
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| Long bones: Epiphysis | End of bone
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| Long bones: Epiphyseal | Bone growth area
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| Long bones: Metaphysis | Epiphysis and epiphyseal plates together
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| Bone Depressions: Fissure | (fissur/o)
fairly deep cleft or groove
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| Bone Depressions: Foramen | (pl. foramina) (foramin/o)
an opening or hole
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| Bone Depressions: Fossa | (pl. fossae) (foss/o)
a hollow or depression, especially on the surface of the end of a bone
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| Bone Depressions: Sinus | (pl. sinuses) (sinus/o, sin/o)
cavity or channel lined with a membrane
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| Bone Depressions: Sulcus | (pl. sulci) (sulc/o)
groove or depression in an anatomic structure, not as deep as a fissure
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| Bone Processes: Condyle | (condyl/o)
rounded projection at the end of a bone that anchors ligaments and articulates with adjacent bones
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| Bone Processes: Crest | Narrow elongated elevation
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| Bone Processes: Epicondyle | (epicondyl/o)
projection on the surface of the bone above the condyle
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| Bone Processes: Head | rounded, usually proximal portion of some long bones
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| Bone Processes: Spine | (spin/o)
thornlike projection
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| Bone Processes: Trochanter | (trochanter/o)
one or two bony projections on the proximal ends of the femurs that serve as points of attachment for muscles
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| Bone Processes: Tubercle | (tubercul/o)
nodule or small raised area
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| Bone Processes: Tuberosity | elevation or protuberance larger than a tubercle
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| Cranium (crani/o) made up of... | Frontal bone
Parietal bone
Occipital bone
Temporal bone
Ethmoid bone
Sphenoid bone
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| Facial bones (skull) made up of... | Zygoma (zygom/o, zygomat/o)
cheekbone
Lacrimal bones (lacrim/o) corner of eye; cradle tear ducts
Maxilla (maxill/o) upper jaw bone
Mandible (mandibul/o) lower jaw bone
Vomer (vomer/o)
Palatine bones (palat/o)
Inferior nasal conchae
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| How many pairs of ribs (cost/o) | 12
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| True ribs... | 1st seven pairs
attached directly to the breastbone (sternum) in the front of the body
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| False ribs... | next five pairs
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| Floating ribs... | not attached in the front
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| Rib cage: Sternum | (stern/o)
AKA: breastbone
Xiphoid process: inferior point
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| ______ bones = vertebra | 26
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| Vertebrae made up of... | Spinous process (spin/o)
Laminar (lamin/o) process
Vertebral body
Transverse process
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| Sections of spine... | Cervical (cervic/o) C1-C7 neck bones
Thoracic (thorac/o) T1-T12 upper back
Lumbar (lumb/o) L1-L5 lower back
Sacral (sacr/o) 5 bones fused
Coccygeal (coccyg/o) tailbone
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| Upper Appendicular Bones: Scapula | (scapul/o)
Acromion process
Forms highest point on the shoulder
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| Upper Appendicular Bones: Clavicle | (clavicul/o, cleid/o)
Collarbone
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| Upper Appendicular Bones: Humerus | humer/o
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| Upper Appendicular Bones: Radius & ulna | (radi/o, uln/o)
Olecranon (olecran/o) elbow
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| Upper Appendicular Bones: Carpals | (carp/o)
8 wrist bones
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| Upper Appendicular Bones: Metacarpals | metacarp/o
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| Upper Appendicular Bones: Phalanges | phalang/o
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| Lower Appendicular Skeleton: Pelvis | (pelv/i, pelv/o)
Ilium (ili/o) superior and widest bone of pelvis
Ischium (ischi/o) lower portion of pelvic bone
Pubis
(pub/o) lower anterior part of pelvic bone
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| Lower Appendicular Skeleton: Leg | Femur (femor/o): thigh bone
Patella (patell/o,a): knee cap
Tibia (tibi/o): shin bone
Fibula (fibul/o, perone/o)
malleolus: process on distal ends of tibia and fibula
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| Lower Appendicular Skeleton: Foot | Tarsal (tars/o)
Metatarsal (metatars/o)
calcaneous: heel bone
Phalan
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| ROM | Range of Motion
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| ROM Synarthoses | Immovable joint
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| ROM Amphiarthroses | Slightly movable joint
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| ROM Diarthroses (synovial) | Free movement
-ball and socket joint (hip)
-hinge joint (knee)
Bursa (sacs of fluid)
Meniscus (crescent shaped cartilage in the knee joint-cushion joint)
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| Muscles | (my/o, myos/o, muscul/o): tissue composed of cells with ability to contract and relax
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| Skeletal muscles | striated and allows the skeleton to move voluntarily
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| Smooth muscles | responsible for involuntary movement of the organs
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| Heart muscles | pumps blood to the circulatory system
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| Tendons | (tend/o, tendin/o, ten/o)
Attach muscles to bones
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| Origin | attachment nearest to the trunk
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| Insertion | attachment farthest from trunk
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| Action | function of the muscle
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| Extension | process of stretching out; increasing the angle of a joint
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| Flexion | process of decreasing the angle of a joint
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| Adduction | process of carrying toward the midline (ADD=toward)
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| Abduction | carrying away from the midline
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| Supination | turning the palm or MEDIAL side of foot UPWARD
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| Pronation | turning the palm or LATERAL side of foot DOWNWARD
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| Dorsiflexion | upward
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| Plantar flexion | downward (ballet movement)
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| Eversion | process of turning OUT
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| Inversion | process of turning in
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| Protraction | moving leg foward
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| Retraction | moving leg backward
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| Rotation | process of a bone turning on its axis (like a wheel)
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| Circumduction | process of carrying around; the circular movement of the distal end of a limb around its point of attachment
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| Combining Form: Phosphorus | phosph/o
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| Combining Form: Calcium | calc/o
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| Combining Form: Antrum | antr/o
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| Combining Form: Nose | nas/o; rhin/o
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| Combining Form: Sinus | sin/o; sinus/o
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| Combining Form: Chest | pector/o
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| Prefix: Meta- | change, beyond
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| Prefix: Peri | surrounding (periosteum)
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| Congenital Conditions: Achondroplasia | disorder of the development of cartilage at the epiphyses of the long bones and skull resulting in dwarfism
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| Congenital Conditions: (key term) Muscular dystrophy | group of disorders characterized as an inherited progressive atrophy of skeletal muscle without neural involvement
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| Congenital Conditions: Polydactyl | many digits
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| Congenital Conditions: Syndactyl | joining of digits (web like)
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| Congenital Conditions: Spina bifida occulta | malformation of spinal canal
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| Congenital Conditions: Talipes | clubfoot
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| Congenital Conditions: Torticollis | wryneck
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| Bone Disease: Osteodynia | bone pain
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| Bone Disease: Osteitis deformans | Paget's Disease
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| Bone Disease: (key term) Osteomalacia | softening of the bone
Rickets
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| Bone Disease: (key term) Osteomyelitis | inflammation of bone and bone marrow
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| Bone Disease: (key term) Osteoporosis | loss of bone mass, which results in the bones being fragile and at risk of fracture
Osteopenia
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| Chondromalacia | softening of cartilage
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| Costochondritis | inflammation of the cartilage of the ribs
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| Joint Disease: Bursitis | inflammation of the Bursa (sac of fluid that cushion a joint)
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| Arthrosis | An arthrosis is a joint, an area where two bones are attached for the purpose of motion of body parts. An arthrosis (joint) is usually formed of fibrous connective tissue and cartilage
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| Baker cyst | also known as a popliteal cyst, is a benign swelling of the semimembranous or more rarely some other synovial bursa found behind the knee joint
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| Crepitus | characterized by a peculiar crackling, crinkly, or grating feeling or sound under the skin, around the lungs, or in the joints.
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| Osteophytosis | the occurrence of osteophytes. Can occur because of degenerative disease.
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| Tendinitis | inflammation, swelling, and irritation of a tendon. Tendonitis is a painful condition that is felt most at the tendon insertion site
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| Joint Disease: Bunion | fairly common, painful enlargement and inflammation of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (big toe)
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| Joint Disease: (key term) Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) | compression injury of the mediannerve
surgery=CTR (carpal tunnel release)
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| Joint Disease: Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJ) | gnathalgia
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| Joint Disease: (key term) Osteoarthritis (OA) | degenerative joint disease (DJD)
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| Rheumatiod arthritis (RA) (key term) | inflammatory joint disease believed to be autoimmune in nature
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| Dorsalgia | back pain (spinal disorder)
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| Lumbago (key term) | disease of the lumbar (spinal disorder)
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| Scoliosis (key term) | lateral "S" curve of spine
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| Lordosis | "swayback'
exaggerated anterior curve of the lumbar vertebrae (lower back)
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| Kyphosis | "hunchback"
extreme posterior curvature of the thoracic area of the spine
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| Spinal Disorders: Ankylosing spondylitis | chronic inflammatory disease of idiopathic origin, which causes a fusion of the spine
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| Spinal Disorders: (key term) Herniated intervertebral disk | protrusion of central part of the disk that lies between the vertebrae, resulting in compression of the nerve root and pain
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| Spinal Disorders: Spondylolisthesis | condition resulting from the partial forward dislocation of one vertebra over the one beneath it
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| Spinal Disorders: (key term) Spinal stenosis | abnormal condition of narrowing of the spinal canal with attendant pain, sometimes caused by osteoarthritis or spondylolithesis
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| Spinal Disorders: Spindylosis | stiffening of the vertebral joints
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| Spinal Disorders: Sciatica | inflammation of the sciatic nerve; pain, tenderness along course of nerve through thigh and leg; may result in atrophy of lower leg muscles
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| Muscle Disorders: Contracture | chronic fixation of a joint inflexion caused by atrophy and shortening of muscle fibers after a long period of disuse
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| Muscle Disorders: Fibromyalgia | disorder characterized by musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, muscle stiffness and spasms, and sleep distrubances
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| Muscle Disorders: Myasthenia gravis | usually severe condition characterized by fatigue and a progressive muscle weakness, especially of face and throat
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| Muscle Disorders: Plantar fasciitis | a painful inflammatory process of the plantar fascia
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| Muscle Disorders: Polymyositis | means 'many muscle inflammation'
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| Muscle Disorders: Postlaminectomy syndrome | after the removal of a piece of bone in the spine; group of symptoms occur together it's called syndrome
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| Muscle Disorders: Rhabdomyolysis | the breakdown of muscle fibers resulting in the release of muscle fiber contents (myoglobin) into the bloodstream
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| Trauma: Closed fracture | simple fracture does not rupture the skin
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| Trauma: Open fracture | compound fracture splits open the skin
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| Trauma: (key term) Pathologic fracture | any fracture occurring spontaneously as a result of disease
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| Trauma: Comminuted fracture | the bone is crushed and/or shattered into many pieces
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| Trauma: Compression fracture | the fractured area of bone collapses on itself
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| Trauma: Colles fracture | this break of the distal end of the radius at the epiphysis often occurs when the patient has attempted to break his fall
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| Trauma: Complicated fracture | the bone is broken and pierces an internal organ
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| Trauma: Impacted fracture | the bone is broken and the ends are driven into each other
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| Trauma: Hairline fracture | minor fracture appears as a thin line on x-ray may not extend completely through the bone
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| Trauma: Greenstick fracture | the bone is partially bent and partially broken; common in children because their bones are still soft
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| Trauma: Salter-Harris fracture | fracture of the epiphyseal plate in children
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| Trauma: (key term) Sprain | traumatic injury to ligaments of a joint, including tearing of a ligament
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| Trauma: (key term) Strain | overstretching of muscle or a tendon
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| Trauma: Dislocation | bone completely out of place
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| Trauma: (key term) Subluxation | bone partially out of the joint
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| Trauma: Compartment syndrome | -STAT surgical procedure
-Result of swelling within the fascia
-May lead to nerve and muscle damage
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| Benign Neoplasms: Exostosis | abnormal condition of bony growth
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| Benign Neoplasms: Osteoma | benign bone tumor, usually of compact bone
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| Benign Neoplasms: Chondroma | tumor of the cartilage, usually in children or adolescents
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| Benign Neoplasms: Leiomyoma | benign tumor of smooth muscle; most common is the uterus termed a fibroid
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| Benign Neoplasms: Rhabdomyoma | benign tumor of striated/voluntary skeletal muscle
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| Malignant Neoplasms: Osteosarcoma | -Ewing sarcoma
-malignant tumor of the bone
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| Malignant Neoplasms: Chondrosarcoma | malignant tumor of the cartilage
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| Malignant Neoplasms: Leiomyosarcoma | malignant tumor of smooth muscle
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| Malignant Neoplasms: Rhabdomyosarcoma | highly malignant tumor of skeletal muscle
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| Imaging: Arthography | X-ray recording of a joint
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| Imaging: (key term) Arthoscopy | visual examination of a joint accomplished by use of an arthroscope
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| Imaging: Computed tomography (CT) | imaging technology that records transverse planes of the body for diagnostic purposes
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| Imaging: (key term) Electromyography | procedure that records the electrical activity of muscles
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| Imaging: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | procedure that uses magnetic properties to record detailed information about internal structures
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| Imaging: Myelogram | X-ray of spinal canal done after injection of contract medium
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| Imaging: X-ray (radiograph) | imaging technique using electromagnetic radiation for recording internal structures
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| Setting fractures: Malunion | bone does not mend and realign correctly
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| Setting fractures: Nonunion | no healing takes place
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| Setting fractures: Sequestrum | dead tissue
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| Setting fractures: Debridement | removal of debris
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| Setting fractures: Internal fixation (ORIF) | incision made (use plates, screws,etc)
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| Setting fractures: External fixation (CRIF) | no incision made (devices external to the body that offer traction)
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| Setting fractures: Open reduction (ORIF) | involves the implementation of implants to guide the healing process of a bone, as well as the open reduction, or setting, of the bone itself
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| Setting fractures: Closed reduction (CRIF) | Reduction of a fractured bone by manipulation without incision into the skin
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| Therapeutic interventions: Amputation | AKA-above knee amputation
BKA-below knee amputation
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| Therapeutic interventions: (key term) Prosthesis | artificial body part that is constructed to replace missing limbs, eyes, and other body parts
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| Therapeutic interventions: Bunionectomy | removal of a bunion
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| Therapeutic interventions: Osteoclasis | (clasis:intentional break)
refracture of a bone, usually done if a bone has malunion
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| Therapeutic interventions: Osteoplasty | surgical repair of a bone
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| Therapeutic interventions: Traction | process of pulling a body part into correct alignment, as to correct a dislocation
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| Therapeutic interventions: Kyphoplasty | -minimally invasive surgical procedure
-address pain of fractured vertebrae
-balloon inflated in area of fracture
-cement-like substance injected
-pain relief immediate
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| Therapeutic interventions: Laminectomy | removal of the bony arches of one or more vertebrae to relive compression of the spinal cord
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| Therapeutic interventions: (key term) Arthrocentesis | surgical puncture of a joint to remove fluid
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| Therapeutic interventions: Arthrodesis | surgical binding or stabilization of a joint
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| Therapeutic interventions: (key term) Arthroplasty | surgical repair of a joint
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| Therapeutic interventions: Meniscectomy | removal of meniscus
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| Therapeutic interventions: THR | total hip replacement
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| Therapeutic interventions: TKR | total knee replacement
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| Pharmacology: Analgesics | reduce pain
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| Pharmacology: Antiinflammatories | reduce inflammation
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| Pharmacology: Antirheumatics | manage symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis
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| Pharmacology: Bisphosphonates | affect bone formation to treat diseases such as osteoporosis
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| Pharmacology: Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDS) | slow progression of rheumatoid arthritis
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| Pharmacology: Muscle relaxants | relieve pain caused by muscle spasms by relaxing skeletal muscles
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| Prefix: Dia- | through;complete
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| Prefix: Endo-, End- | inner;within
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| Prefix: Epi- | above; on top
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| Prefix: Inter- | between
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| Prefix: Peri- | around;surrounding
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| Prefix: Syn- | together;with
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| Suffixes: -centesis | removal of fluid
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| Suffixes: -desis | binding
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| Suffixes: -graphy | process of recording
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| Suffixes: -listhesis | slipping
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| Suffixes: -malacia | softening
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| Suffixes: -physis | growth
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| Suffixes: -plasia | development;formation
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| Suffixes: -plasty | surgical repair
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| Suffixes: -trophy | development
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| Combining Form: arthr/o | joint
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| Combining Form: articul/o | joint
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| Combining Form: burs/o | bursa
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| Combining Form: chondr/o | cartilage
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| Combining Form: ligament/o | ligament
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| Combining Form: my/o | muscle
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| Combining Form: myel/o | bone marrow;spinal cord
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| Combining Form: oste/o | bone
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| Combining Form: spondyl/o | vertebra
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| Combining Form: tendin/o | tendon
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| Suffixes: -blast | embryonic
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| Suffixes: -clast | breaking down
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| Suffixes: -cyte | cell
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| Suffixes: -poiesis | formation
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| Suffixes: -osis | condition
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| Suffixes: -sthenia | condition of strength
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| gravis | severe
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