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SRGT Ch3 Terminology
Musculoskeletal System Ch3 Terminology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hematopoiesis | formation of blood |
| Ligaments | Fibrous bands of tissue that attach bone to bone |
| Tendons | Bands of tissue that attach muscle to bone |
| Fascia | Tough fibrous covering of the muscles |
| Cartilage | Covers the ends of many bones and serves a protective function |
| Rheumatology | Disorders of connective tissue |
| Axial Skeleton | Skull, rib cage and spine |
| Appendicular Skeleton | Shoulder bones, collar bones, pelvic bones, legs and arms |
| Shapes: Long bones | Humerus (upper arm), femur (thigh bone) |
| Shapes: Short bones | Carpal (wrist bone), tarsal (ankle bone) |
| Shapes: Flat bones | Sternum (breastbone), scapula (shoulder blade) |
| Shapes: Irregular bones | Vertebra (back bone), stapes (bone of the middle ear) |
| Shapes: Sesamoid bones | Patella (knee cap) |
| Osteocytes | Mature bone cells |
| Matrix | Material between the cells |
| Osteoblasts | Build bone |
| Osteoclasts | Break down bone cells to transform them as needed |
| Compact bone | Hard bone |
| Cancellous | Spongy bone |
| Medullary cavity | Bone marrow (myel/o) |
| Long bones: Diaphysis | Long shaft of bone |
| Long bones: Epiphysis | End of bone |
| Long bones: Epiphyseal | Bone growth area |
| Long bones: Metaphysis | Epiphysis and epiphyseal plates together |
| Bone Depressions: Fissure | (fissur/o) fairly deep cleft or groove |
| Bone Depressions: Foramen | (pl. foramina) (foramin/o) an opening or hole |
| Bone Depressions: Fossa | (pl. fossae) (foss/o) a hollow or depression, especially on the surface of the end of a bone |
| Bone Depressions: Sinus | (pl. sinuses) (sinus/o, sin/o) cavity or channel lined with a membrane |
| Bone Depressions: Sulcus | (pl. sulci) (sulc/o) groove or depression in an anatomic structure, not as deep as a fissure |
| Bone Processes: Condyle | (condyl/o) rounded projection at the end of a bone that anchors ligaments and articulates with adjacent bones |
| Bone Processes: Crest | Narrow elongated elevation |
| Bone Processes: Epicondyle | (epicondyl/o) projection on the surface of the bone above the condyle |
| Bone Processes: Head | rounded, usually proximal portion of some long bones |
| Bone Processes: Spine | (spin/o) thornlike projection |
| Bone Processes: Trochanter | (trochanter/o) one or two bony projections on the proximal ends of the femurs that serve as points of attachment for muscles |
| Bone Processes: Tubercle | (tubercul/o) nodule or small raised area |
| Bone Processes: Tuberosity | elevation or protuberance larger than a tubercle |
| Cranium (crani/o) made up of... | Frontal bone Parietal bone Occipital bone Temporal bone Ethmoid bone Sphenoid bone |
| Facial bones (skull) made up of... | Zygoma (zygom/o, zygomat/o) cheekbone Lacrimal bones (lacrim/o) corner of eye; cradle tear ducts Maxilla (maxill/o) upper jaw bone Mandible (mandibul/o) lower jaw bone Vomer (vomer/o) Palatine bones (palat/o) Inferior nasal conchae |
| How many pairs of ribs (cost/o) | 12 |
| True ribs... | 1st seven pairs attached directly to the breastbone (sternum) in the front of the body |
| False ribs... | next five pairs |
| Floating ribs... | not attached in the front |
| Rib cage: Sternum | (stern/o) AKA: breastbone Xiphoid process: inferior point |
| ______ bones = vertebra | 26 |
| Vertebrae made up of... | Spinous process (spin/o) Laminar (lamin/o) process Vertebral body Transverse process |
| Sections of spine... | Cervical (cervic/o) C1-C7 neck bones Thoracic (thorac/o) T1-T12 upper back Lumbar (lumb/o) L1-L5 lower back Sacral (sacr/o) 5 bones fused Coccygeal (coccyg/o) tailbone |
| Upper Appendicular Bones: Scapula | (scapul/o) Acromion process Forms highest point on the shoulder |
| Upper Appendicular Bones: Clavicle | (clavicul/o, cleid/o) Collarbone |
| Upper Appendicular Bones: Humerus | humer/o |
| Upper Appendicular Bones: Radius & ulna | (radi/o, uln/o) Olecranon (olecran/o) elbow |
| Upper Appendicular Bones: Carpals | (carp/o) 8 wrist bones |
| Upper Appendicular Bones: Metacarpals | metacarp/o |
| Upper Appendicular Bones: Phalanges | phalang/o |
| Lower Appendicular Skeleton: Pelvis | (pelv/i, pelv/o) Ilium (ili/o) superior and widest bone of pelvis Ischium (ischi/o) lower portion of pelvic bone Pubis (pub/o) lower anterior part of pelvic bone |
| Lower Appendicular Skeleton: Leg | Femur (femor/o): thigh bone Patella (patell/o,a): knee cap Tibia (tibi/o): shin bone Fibula (fibul/o, perone/o) malleolus: process on distal ends of tibia and fibula |
| Lower Appendicular Skeleton: Foot | Tarsal (tars/o) Metatarsal (metatars/o) calcaneous: heel bone Phalan |
| ROM | Range of Motion |
| ROM Synarthoses | Immovable joint |
| ROM Amphiarthroses | Slightly movable joint |
| ROM Diarthroses (synovial) | Free movement -ball and socket joint (hip) -hinge joint (knee) Bursa (sacs of fluid) Meniscus (crescent shaped cartilage in the knee joint-cushion joint) |
| Muscles | (my/o, myos/o, muscul/o): tissue composed of cells with ability to contract and relax |
| Skeletal muscles | striated and allows the skeleton to move voluntarily |
| Smooth muscles | responsible for involuntary movement of the organs |
| Heart muscles | pumps blood to the circulatory system |
| Tendons | (tend/o, tendin/o, ten/o) Attach muscles to bones |
| Origin | attachment nearest to the trunk |
| Insertion | attachment farthest from trunk |
| Action | function of the muscle |
| Extension | process of stretching out; increasing the angle of a joint |
| Flexion | process of decreasing the angle of a joint |
| Adduction | process of carrying toward the midline (ADD=toward) |
| Abduction | carrying away from the midline |
| Supination | turning the palm or MEDIAL side of foot UPWARD |
| Pronation | turning the palm or LATERAL side of foot DOWNWARD |
| Dorsiflexion | upward |
| Plantar flexion | downward (ballet movement) |
| Eversion | process of turning OUT |
| Inversion | process of turning in |
| Protraction | moving leg foward |
| Retraction | moving leg backward |
| Rotation | process of a bone turning on its axis (like a wheel) |
| Circumduction | process of carrying around; the circular movement of the distal end of a limb around its point of attachment |
| Combining Form: Phosphorus | phosph/o |
| Combining Form: Calcium | calc/o |
| Combining Form: Antrum | antr/o |
| Combining Form: Nose | nas/o; rhin/o |
| Combining Form: Sinus | sin/o; sinus/o |
| Combining Form: Chest | pector/o |
| Prefix: Meta- | change, beyond |
| Prefix: Peri | surrounding (periosteum) |
| Congenital Conditions: Achondroplasia | disorder of the development of cartilage at the epiphyses of the long bones and skull resulting in dwarfism |
| Congenital Conditions: (key term) Muscular dystrophy | group of disorders characterized as an inherited progressive atrophy of skeletal muscle without neural involvement |
| Congenital Conditions: Polydactyl | many digits |
| Congenital Conditions: Syndactyl | joining of digits (web like) |
| Congenital Conditions: Spina bifida occulta | malformation of spinal canal |
| Congenital Conditions: Talipes | clubfoot |
| Congenital Conditions: Torticollis | wryneck |
| Bone Disease: Osteodynia | bone pain |
| Bone Disease: Osteitis deformans | Paget's Disease |
| Bone Disease: (key term) Osteomalacia | softening of the bone Rickets |
| Bone Disease: (key term) Osteomyelitis | inflammation of bone and bone marrow |
| Bone Disease: (key term) Osteoporosis | loss of bone mass, which results in the bones being fragile and at risk of fracture Osteopenia |
| Chondromalacia | softening of cartilage |
| Costochondritis | inflammation of the cartilage of the ribs |
| Joint Disease: Bursitis | inflammation of the Bursa (sac of fluid that cushion a joint) |
| Arthrosis | An arthrosis is a joint, an area where two bones are attached for the purpose of motion of body parts. An arthrosis (joint) is usually formed of fibrous connective tissue and cartilage |
| Baker cyst | also known as a popliteal cyst, is a benign swelling of the semimembranous or more rarely some other synovial bursa found behind the knee joint |
| Crepitus | characterized by a peculiar crackling, crinkly, or grating feeling or sound under the skin, around the lungs, or in the joints. |
| Osteophytosis | the occurrence of osteophytes. Can occur because of degenerative disease. |
| Tendinitis | inflammation, swelling, and irritation of a tendon. Tendonitis is a painful condition that is felt most at the tendon insertion site |
| Joint Disease: Bunion | fairly common, painful enlargement and inflammation of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (big toe) |
| Joint Disease: (key term) Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) | compression injury of the mediannerve surgery=CTR (carpal tunnel release) |
| Joint Disease: Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJ) | gnathalgia |
| Joint Disease: (key term) Osteoarthritis (OA) | degenerative joint disease (DJD) |
| Rheumatiod arthritis (RA) (key term) | inflammatory joint disease believed to be autoimmune in nature |
| Dorsalgia | back pain (spinal disorder) |
| Lumbago (key term) | disease of the lumbar (spinal disorder) |
| Scoliosis (key term) | lateral "S" curve of spine |
| Lordosis | "swayback' exaggerated anterior curve of the lumbar vertebrae (lower back) |
| Kyphosis | "hunchback" extreme posterior curvature of the thoracic area of the spine |
| Spinal Disorders: Ankylosing spondylitis | chronic inflammatory disease of idiopathic origin, which causes a fusion of the spine |
| Spinal Disorders: (key term) Herniated intervertebral disk | protrusion of central part of the disk that lies between the vertebrae, resulting in compression of the nerve root and pain |
| Spinal Disorders: Spondylolisthesis | condition resulting from the partial forward dislocation of one vertebra over the one beneath it |
| Spinal Disorders: (key term) Spinal stenosis | abnormal condition of narrowing of the spinal canal with attendant pain, sometimes caused by osteoarthritis or spondylolithesis |
| Spinal Disorders: Spindylosis | stiffening of the vertebral joints |
| Spinal Disorders: Sciatica | inflammation of the sciatic nerve; pain, tenderness along course of nerve through thigh and leg; may result in atrophy of lower leg muscles |
| Muscle Disorders: Contracture | chronic fixation of a joint inflexion caused by atrophy and shortening of muscle fibers after a long period of disuse |
| Muscle Disorders: Fibromyalgia | disorder characterized by musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, muscle stiffness and spasms, and sleep distrubances |
| Muscle Disorders: Myasthenia gravis | usually severe condition characterized by fatigue and a progressive muscle weakness, especially of face and throat |
| Muscle Disorders: Plantar fasciitis | a painful inflammatory process of the plantar fascia |
| Muscle Disorders: Polymyositis | means 'many muscle inflammation' |
| Muscle Disorders: Postlaminectomy syndrome | after the removal of a piece of bone in the spine; group of symptoms occur together it's called syndrome |
| Muscle Disorders: Rhabdomyolysis | the breakdown of muscle fibers resulting in the release of muscle fiber contents (myoglobin) into the bloodstream |
| Trauma: Closed fracture | simple fracture does not rupture the skin |
| Trauma: Open fracture | compound fracture splits open the skin |
| Trauma: (key term) Pathologic fracture | any fracture occurring spontaneously as a result of disease |
| Trauma: Comminuted fracture | the bone is crushed and/or shattered into many pieces |
| Trauma: Compression fracture | the fractured area of bone collapses on itself |
| Trauma: Colles fracture | this break of the distal end of the radius at the epiphysis often occurs when the patient has attempted to break his fall |
| Trauma: Complicated fracture | the bone is broken and pierces an internal organ |
| Trauma: Impacted fracture | the bone is broken and the ends are driven into each other |
| Trauma: Hairline fracture | minor fracture appears as a thin line on x-ray may not extend completely through the bone |
| Trauma: Greenstick fracture | the bone is partially bent and partially broken; common in children because their bones are still soft |
| Trauma: Salter-Harris fracture | fracture of the epiphyseal plate in children |
| Trauma: (key term) Sprain | traumatic injury to ligaments of a joint, including tearing of a ligament |
| Trauma: (key term) Strain | overstretching of muscle or a tendon |
| Trauma: Dislocation | bone completely out of place |
| Trauma: (key term) Subluxation | bone partially out of the joint |
| Trauma: Compartment syndrome | -STAT surgical procedure -Result of swelling within the fascia -May lead to nerve and muscle damage |
| Benign Neoplasms: Exostosis | abnormal condition of bony growth |
| Benign Neoplasms: Osteoma | benign bone tumor, usually of compact bone |
| Benign Neoplasms: Chondroma | tumor of the cartilage, usually in children or adolescents |
| Benign Neoplasms: Leiomyoma | benign tumor of smooth muscle; most common is the uterus termed a fibroid |
| Benign Neoplasms: Rhabdomyoma | benign tumor of striated/voluntary skeletal muscle |
| Malignant Neoplasms: Osteosarcoma | -Ewing sarcoma -malignant tumor of the bone |
| Malignant Neoplasms: Chondrosarcoma | malignant tumor of the cartilage |
| Malignant Neoplasms: Leiomyosarcoma | malignant tumor of smooth muscle |
| Malignant Neoplasms: Rhabdomyosarcoma | highly malignant tumor of skeletal muscle |
| Imaging: Arthography | X-ray recording of a joint |
| Imaging: (key term) Arthoscopy | visual examination of a joint accomplished by use of an arthroscope |
| Imaging: Computed tomography (CT) | imaging technology that records transverse planes of the body for diagnostic purposes |
| Imaging: (key term) Electromyography | procedure that records the electrical activity of muscles |
| Imaging: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | procedure that uses magnetic properties to record detailed information about internal structures |
| Imaging: Myelogram | X-ray of spinal canal done after injection of contract medium |
| Imaging: X-ray (radiograph) | imaging technique using electromagnetic radiation for recording internal structures |
| Setting fractures: Malunion | bone does not mend and realign correctly |
| Setting fractures: Nonunion | no healing takes place |
| Setting fractures: Sequestrum | dead tissue |
| Setting fractures: Debridement | removal of debris |
| Setting fractures: Internal fixation (ORIF) | incision made (use plates, screws,etc) |
| Setting fractures: External fixation (CRIF) | no incision made (devices external to the body that offer traction) |
| Setting fractures: Open reduction (ORIF) | involves the implementation of implants to guide the healing process of a bone, as well as the open reduction, or setting, of the bone itself |
| Setting fractures: Closed reduction (CRIF) | Reduction of a fractured bone by manipulation without incision into the skin |
| Therapeutic interventions: Amputation | AKA-above knee amputation BKA-below knee amputation |
| Therapeutic interventions: (key term) Prosthesis | artificial body part that is constructed to replace missing limbs, eyes, and other body parts |
| Therapeutic interventions: Bunionectomy | removal of a bunion |
| Therapeutic interventions: Osteoclasis | (clasis:intentional break) refracture of a bone, usually done if a bone has malunion |
| Therapeutic interventions: Osteoplasty | surgical repair of a bone |
| Therapeutic interventions: Traction | process of pulling a body part into correct alignment, as to correct a dislocation |
| Therapeutic interventions: Kyphoplasty | -minimally invasive surgical procedure -address pain of fractured vertebrae -balloon inflated in area of fracture -cement-like substance injected -pain relief immediate |
| Therapeutic interventions: Laminectomy | removal of the bony arches of one or more vertebrae to relive compression of the spinal cord |
| Therapeutic interventions: (key term) Arthrocentesis | surgical puncture of a joint to remove fluid |
| Therapeutic interventions: Arthrodesis | surgical binding or stabilization of a joint |
| Therapeutic interventions: (key term) Arthroplasty | surgical repair of a joint |
| Therapeutic interventions: Meniscectomy | removal of meniscus |
| Therapeutic interventions: THR | total hip replacement |
| Therapeutic interventions: TKR | total knee replacement |
| Pharmacology: Analgesics | reduce pain |
| Pharmacology: Antiinflammatories | reduce inflammation |
| Pharmacology: Antirheumatics | manage symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis |
| Pharmacology: Bisphosphonates | affect bone formation to treat diseases such as osteoporosis |
| Pharmacology: Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDS) | slow progression of rheumatoid arthritis |
| Pharmacology: Muscle relaxants | relieve pain caused by muscle spasms by relaxing skeletal muscles |
| Prefix: Dia- | through;complete |
| Prefix: Endo-, End- | inner;within |
| Prefix: Epi- | above; on top |
| Prefix: Inter- | between |
| Prefix: Peri- | around;surrounding |
| Prefix: Syn- | together;with |
| Suffixes: -centesis | removal of fluid |
| Suffixes: -desis | binding |
| Suffixes: -graphy | process of recording |
| Suffixes: -listhesis | slipping |
| Suffixes: -malacia | softening |
| Suffixes: -physis | growth |
| Suffixes: -plasia | development;formation |
| Suffixes: -plasty | surgical repair |
| Suffixes: -trophy | development |
| Combining Form: arthr/o | joint |
| Combining Form: articul/o | joint |
| Combining Form: burs/o | bursa |
| Combining Form: chondr/o | cartilage |
| Combining Form: ligament/o | ligament |
| Combining Form: my/o | muscle |
| Combining Form: myel/o | bone marrow;spinal cord |
| Combining Form: oste/o | bone |
| Combining Form: spondyl/o | vertebra |
| Combining Form: tendin/o | tendon |
| Suffixes: -blast | embryonic |
| Suffixes: -clast | breaking down |
| Suffixes: -cyte | cell |
| Suffixes: -poiesis | formation |
| Suffixes: -osis | condition |
| Suffixes: -sthenia | condition of strength |
| gravis | severe |
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