CH 20
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| show | The stomach and its essential for the for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the ilium.
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| The liver is improtant bc? | show 🗑
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| What enzymes and electrocytes does the pancreas secrete? | show 🗑
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| The PNS role in the digestive system | show 🗑
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| show | Stimulated by fear, anger etc Inhibits gastrointestinal activity Causes vasoconstriction Reduced secretions and regeneration of epithelial cells
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| What is Gastrin? | show 🗑
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| What does histamine do? | show 🗑
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| What does secretin do? | show 🗑
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| What does Cholecystokinin do? | show 🗑
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| Anorexia,vomiting,and nausea are caused by? | show 🗑
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| Anorexia and vomiting can cause? | show 🗑
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| show | distention, irritation, inflammation of digestive tract
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| show | Medulla where it;Coordinates activities involved in vomiting Protects airway during vomiting
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| What makes up vomit? | show 🗑
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| show | Distention or irritation in digestive tract, Stimuli from brain(unpleasant sights or smells),ischemia,Pain or stress, inner ear motion, Increased intracranial pressure,Sudden projectile vomiting w/o previous nausea,drugs,toxins,chemicals
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| show | Blood in vomit
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| show | indicates action of HCl on hemoglobin
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| show | Hemorrhage
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| show | Bile from the duodenum
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| show | May indicate content from lower intestine
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| show | Problem with gastric emptying or infection
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| Diarrhea | show 🗑
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| Large-volume diarrhea (secretory or osmotic) | show 🗑
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| small volume diarrhea | show 🗑
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| Steatorrhea – “fatty diarrhea” | show 🗑
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| show | Red blood – usually from lesions in rectum or anal canal
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| occult blood in stool | show 🗑
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| show | Dark-colored, tarry stool May result from significant bleeding in upper digestive tract
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| show | From swallowed air, e.g., drinking from a straw Bacterial action on food Foods or alterations in motility
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| Excessive gas causes? | show 🗑
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| show | Acute or chronic problem May be due to decreased peristalsis Increased time for reabsorption of fluid
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| show | hemorrhoids, anal fissures, or diverticulitis.
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| show | Weakened smooth muscle from age or illness, Inadequate dietary fiber,Inadequate fluid intake,Failed response to defecation reflex, Neurologic disorders,Drugs,antacids,iron medications Obstructions by tumors or strictres
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| Common digestive disorders | show 🗑
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| show | Results from loss of hydrochloric acid with vomiting
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| Metabolic acidosis | show 🗑
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| show | Inflammation and ulceration in upper digestive tract
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| Visceral pain (dull,aching) | show 🗑
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| show | Inflammation, distention, stretching of intestines
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| Visceral pain (colicky, often severe) | show 🗑
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| Somatic pain | show 🗑
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| show | Common phenomenon Pain is perceived at a site different from origin. Results when visceral and somatic nerves converge at one spinal cord level,May assist or delay diagnosis depending on problem
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| Specific problems of malnutrition | show 🗑
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| show | Chronic inflammatory bowel disorders Cancer treatments “Wasting syndrome” Lack of nutrients available Chronic anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea
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| Diagnostic tests | show 🗑
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| Dietary modification therapies | show 🗑
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| show | relieve pyrosis
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| show | relieve vomiting
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| show | reduce constipation
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| show | reduce peristalsis and cramps
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| Sulfasalazine | show 🗑
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| show | Effective against Heliobacter pylori infection
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| show | Coating agent Enhance gastric mucosal barrier against irritants such as NSAIDs
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| Anticholinergic drugs | show 🗑
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| Histamine2 antagonists | show 🗑
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| Proton pump inhibitors | show 🗑
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| Congenital abnormalities of the oral cavity | show 🗑
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| Inflammatory lesions: aphthous ulcers | show 🗑
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| show | May appear as red, swollen areas May be irregular patches of a white curdlike material
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| show | People receiving bread-spectrum antibiotics During and after cancer therapy Immunocompromised individuals or persons with diabetes
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| Candida albicans | show 🗑
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| Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) | show 🗑
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| show | Treponema pallidum May cause oral lesions Highly contagious during first and second stages
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| First stage of syphilis | show 🗑
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| Seconds stage of syphilis | show 🗑
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| Caries | show 🗑
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| show | organisms enter the gingival blood vessels and travel to the connective tissues,bone of the dental arch.Resorption of bone,loss of ligament fibers,weak attachment of teeth. result in loss of tooth,Treat by antimicrobials, surgery of gingiva,good hygiene
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| show | Leukoplakia (example) Whitish plaque or epidermal thickening of mucosa Occurs on buccal mucosa, palate, lower lip May be related to smoking or chronic irritation. Epithelial dysplasia beneath plaque may develop into squamous cell carcinoma
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| show | Most common oral cancer, Smokers, preexisting leukoplakia, alcohol abuse Floor of the mouth, lateral borders of the tongue Multiple lesions possible
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| Kaposi sarcoma | show 🗑
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| show | Inflammation of the salivary glands May be infectious or noninfectious Most commonly affected – parotid gland
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| show | Viral infection Vaccine available
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| show | Often in older adults who lack adequate fluid intake and mouth care
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| Dysphagia | show 🗑
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| Neurolic problems with dyphagia | show 🗑
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| Muscular disorder from dyphagia | show 🗑
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| show | Dyshagia obstrucion ;Developmental anomaly Upper and lower esophageal segments are separated
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| stenosis | show 🗑
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| show | Dysphagia obstruction;Outpouchings of the esophageal wall Congenital or acquired following inflammation Causes irritation, inflammation, scar tissue Signs include dysphagia, foul breath, chronic cough, hoarseness
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| Esophogeal cancer | show 🗑
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| show | Part of the stomach protrudes into the thoracic cavity;Food may lodge in pouch of the hernia Causes inflammation of the mucosa Reflux of food up the esophagus May cause chronic esophagitis
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| show | More common type Portion and part of stomach and gastroesophageal junction slide up above the diaphragm
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| Rolling or paraesophageal hernia | show 🗑
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| Signs of hiatal hernia | show 🗑
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| show | Periodic reflux of gastric contents into distal esophagus causing erosion and inflammation,seen w/ hiatal hernia, Delayed gastric emptying is a factor.Avoid of Caffeine,fatty/spicy foods,alcohol,smoking,certain drugs.meds reduce reflux and inflammation.
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| show | Gastric mucosa is inflamed.May be ulcerated and bleeding,May result from,Infection by microorganisms,Allergies to foods,Spicy or irritating foods,Excessive alcohol intake, Ingesting aspirin,other NSAIDs,corrosive toxic substances,Radiation,chemotherapy
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| Basic signs of gastrointestinal irritation | show 🗑
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| show | Complete regeneration of gastric mucosa Supportive treatment with prolonged vomiting May require treatment with antimicrobial drugs
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| show | atrophy of stomach mucosa,Loss of secretory glands,Reduced production of intrinsic factor H. pylori infection,Signs may be vague. Mild epigastric discomfort, anorexia, intolerance for certain foods Increased risk of peptic ulcers and gastric carcinoma
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| show | Most are due to H. pylori infection.Occur most commonly in the proximal duodenum,found in the antrum of the stomach,begins with breakdown of mucosal barrier. Decreased mucosal defense,Increased acid secretion predominant factor in duodenal ulcers
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| Damage to mucosal barrier predisposes to development of ulcers and is associated with | show 🗑
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| Increased acid-pepsin secretions w/ Peptic Ulcer – Gastric and Duodenal Ulcers | show 🗑
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| Complications with peptic ulcer | show 🗑
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| s/s Peptic Ulcer – Gastric and Duodenal Ulcers | show 🗑
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| Diagnostic tests of Peptic Ulcer – Gastric and Duodenal Ulcers | show 🗑
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| show | Combination of antimicrobial and proton pump inhibitor to eliminate H. pylori Reduction of exacerbating factors
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| show | Associated with severe trauma or systemic problems Burns, head injury Hemorrhage or sepsis Rapid onset
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| Gastric Cancer | show 🗑
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| show | Diet seems to be a key factor particularly smoked foods, nitrites, and nitrates. Genetic influences play a role. Symptoms vague until cancer is advanced.
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| show | Control of gastric emptying is lost and gastric contents get dumped in the duodenum W/O complete digestion.after gastric resection,chyme draws fluid from vascular compartment into intestine.Intestinal distention,Increased intestinal motility,Decreased BP
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| Dumoing syndrome causing factors | show 🗑
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| show | Narrowing and obstruction of pyloric sphincter,develops anomaly,Signs appear w/in several weeks after birth.vomiting after feeding,mass can be palpated at pylorus.Infant fails to gain weight,dehydration,hunger,Surgery required.feeling full,vomiting
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| Cholelithiasis | show 🗑
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| show | Inflammation of gallbladder and cystic duct
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| Cholangitis | show 🗑
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| show | Obstruction of the biliary tract by gallstones
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| show | Cholesterol or bile pigment Mixed content with calcium salts
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| Risk factors for gallstones | show 🗑
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| show | severe pain,nausea and vomiting,jaundice,
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| Prehepatic jaundice | show 🗑
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| show | Occurs with disease or damage to hepatocytes Hepatitis or cirrhosis Both unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin may be elevated
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| show | Caused by obstruction of bile flow into gallbladder or duodenum Tumor, cholelithiasis Increased conjugated bilirubin Light-colored stool due to absence of bile
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| show | Cell injury results in inflammation and necrosis in the live. Liver is edematous and tender. Causative viruses Hepatitis A virus (HAV) Hepatitis B virus (HBV) Hepatitis C virus (HCV) Hepatitis D virus (HDV) Hepatitis E virus (HEV)
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| show | Small RNA virus,Infectious hepatitis,Transmitted by fecal-oral route in areas of inadequate sanitation or hygiene,contaminated H20 or shellfish,anal sex,Acute self-limiting,No carrier or chronic state Fecal shedding before signs,Vaccine available
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| Hepititis B | show 🗑
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| Hepititis C | show 🗑
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| show | Also called delta virus Incomplete RNA virus Requires HBV to replicate and produce active infection HDV infection increases severity of HBV infection Transmitted by blood
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| Hepititis E | show 🗑
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| show | Fatigue and malaise Anorexia and nausea General muscle aching
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| Icteric stage of hepititis | show 🗑
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| Posticteric stage of hepititis | show 🗑
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| Treatment of heptititis | show 🗑
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| show | hepatotoxins can cause inflammation and necrosis of the liver.Drugs include Acetaminophen,halothane,phenothiazines, tetracycline,Chemicals include Carbon tetrachloride,toluene,ethanol,Direct effect of toxins
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| Cirrhosis | show 🗑
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| show | Associated with immune disorders
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| show | Linked with chronic hepatitis or long-term exposure to toxic materials
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| Metabolic cirrhosis | show 🗑
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| Initial stage of cirrhosis – fatty liver | show 🗑
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| Second stage of cirrhosis – alcoholic hepatitis | show 🗑
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| show | Fibrotic tissue replaces normal tissue. Little normal function remains.
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| show | Decreased removal and conjugation of bilirubin,production of bile,Impaired digestion/absorption of nutrients, Decreased blood-clotting factors,Impaired glucose/glycogen metabolism,conversion of ammonia to urea ,inactivation of hormones/drugs and toxins
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| Manifestations of cirrhosis | show 🗑
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| show | Avoidance of alcohol or specific cause Supportive or symptomatic treatment Dietary restrictions Balancing serum electrolytes Paracentesis Antibiotics to reduce intestinal flora Emergency treatment if esophageal varices rupture Liver transplant
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| show | Most common primary tumor of liver More common in cirrhotic livers
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| Secondary or metastatic cancer | show 🗑
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| Acute Pancreatitis | show 🗑
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| show | Gallstones Alcohol abuse Sudden onset may follow intake of a large meal or a large amount of alcohol
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| S/S acute pancreatitis | show 🗑
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| show | Serum amylase: first rise, then fall after 48 hours Serum lipid levels are elevated Hypocalcemia Leukocytosis
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| treatment for pancreatitis | show 🗑
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| show | Risk factors Smoking Pancreatitis and dietary factors,Weight loss and jaundice early manifestations Frequently asymptomatic until well advanced Metastases occur early. Mortality is close to 95%.
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| show | most common form of pancreatic cancer Arises from the epithelial cells in the ducts
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| show | Malabsorption syndrome,Primarily a childhood disorder,occurs in adults,genetic link Defect in intestinal enzyme,Prevents further digestion of gliadin, Toxic effect on intestinal villi, Malabsorption and malnutrition result
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| Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease | show 🗑
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| Crohn Disease | show 🗑
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| show | Inflammation in rectum,then through colon,inflamed Mucosa and submucosa.Tissue destruction interferes with absorption of fluid and electrolytes.acute episodes,toxic megacolon,Diarrhea.Contains blood and mucus Accompanied by cramping pain
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| Treatment of IBD | show 🗑
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| show | Obstruction of the appendiceal lumen,Fluid inside the appendix,wall becomes inflamed,Ischemia and necrosis of the wall,Bacteria and toxins escape,Abscess develop when inflamed area is walled off,Localized infection/ peritonitis.necrosi/gangrene,ruptures
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| Appendicitis s/s | show 🗑
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| Diverticulum | show 🗑
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| show | Asymptomatic diverticular disease
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| Diverticulitis | show 🗑
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| Diverticular Disease | show 🗑
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| show | Most malignancies develop from adenomatous polyps.Early diagnosis is essential. Cancer occurs primarily in persons over 50. Risk factors;Familial multiple polyposis Long-term ulcerative colitis;Genetic factors Environmental factors Diet low in fiber
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| Intestinal Obstruction | show 🗑
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| show | After abdominal surgery Spinal shock following spinal cord injuries Inflammation related to severe ischemia Pancreatitis, peritonitis, infection in the abdominal cavity Hypokalemia Mesenteric thrombosis Toxemia
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| Mechanical obstruction from? | show 🗑
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| show | Inflammation of the peritoneal membranes
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| Chemical peritonitis may result from? | show 🗑
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| Bacterial peritonitis | show 🗑
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| show | Sudden,severe,generalized abdominal pain Localized tenderness at site of underlying problem Vomiting is common; abdominal disention Dehydration, hypovolemia, low blood pressure Decreased blood pressure, tachycardia, fever, and leukocytosis Treatment
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Created by:
cdanella
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