Binary Numbers
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 128
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| 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 192
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| 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 | 224
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| 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 | 240
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| 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 | 248
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| 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 | 252
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| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 | 254
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| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 | 255
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| Class A | 1 - 126 , 8 network | 24 host
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| Class B | 128 - 191 , 16 network | 16 host
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| Class C | 192 - 223 , 24 network | 8 host
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| Valid Subnet - if 1. no IP subnet-zero command in configuration 2. Classful Protocal - RIPv1, IGRP | = (2 raised to the number of subnet bits)-2
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| Valid Subnet if 1. IP Subnet -zero is in configuration 2. VLSM "Variable-Length Subnet Masking 3. Classless Protocal- RIPv2 , EIGRP, OSPF | = (2 raised to the number of subnet bits)
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| Valid Hosts on a subnet | = (2 raised to number of host bits)-2
because can't use 0 or 255
Network or Broadcast
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| Boolean AND | If both bits are 1 the AND is 1
Everything else is 0
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| The smallest amount of host addresses possible. What mask should you use? | /30 , 255.255.255.252
252 = 11111100
2 host bits -> (2 raised to the 2nd)-2 = 2 usable hosts
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| OSI Model | Layer 7 - Application
Layer 6 - Presentation
Layer 5 - Session
Layer 4 - Transport
Layer 3 - Network
Layer 2 - Data Link
Layer 1 - Physical
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| Layer 7 | Application
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| Layer 6 | Presentation
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| Layer 5 | Session
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| Layer 4 | Transport
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| Layer 3 | Network
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| Layer 2 | Data Link
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| Layer 1 | Physical
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| Application Layer | End users interact with the network. Authentication runs at Layer 7. Protocols that require an end user to enter a request
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| Layer 7 Protocols | SMTP
POP3
Telnet
HTTP
FTP
SNMP
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| Presentation Layer | Answers question "How should this data be presented?"
Encryption layer
4 Tasks:
1. Compatibility with OS
2. Proper encapsulation of data for network transmission
3. Data formatting (ascii, binary)
4. Data encryption, compression, translation
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| Presentation Layer file types | JPEG, ASCII, GIF, MPEG, MIDI, EBCDIC, TIFF
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| Session Layer | Manager of two way communication between two hosts
creates, maintains, tears down session
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| Transport Layer | Establish logical end to end connection
TCP, UDP
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| Two Transport Methods | TCP, UDP (also SPX - Novell)
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| TCP | Connection-oriented
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| UDP | Connectionless
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| As data passes downward through the OSI model, it is encapsulated into various formats. What is the correct order | Segment, Packet, Frame, Bit
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| At which OSI Model is a logical path created between two host systems? | Network
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| Copper UTP Ethernet Distance | 100 Meters
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| Fiber Optic | Not susceptible to electrical interference
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| Common UDP Services and ports | 53 DNS - name inquiry (tcp for regional transmission)
69 TFTP
161 SNMP
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| Bridges and switches | Operate at layer 2 - Processing and forwarding frames from the data-link layer
Bridges are software based, switches are hardware
switches have more ports than bridges
Both forward framed based on MAC addresses
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| Network Layer -------------- IP addresses Packets Routing ---------- Transport Layer ---------------- Windowing UDP Segments |
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| Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) | By default, the switch with the lowest MAC address in switching network will be root-bridge
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| WAN operates at which layers of OSI | Layer 1 Physical
Layer 2 Data Link
occasionally - Layer 3 (if need to choose 3)
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| Full Duplex Ethernet can provide higher throughput than can half-duplex Ethernet of the same bandwidth |
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| Full Duplex requirements | P2P Link - point to point connection
Both nodes support Full-Duplex
Close conflict detection (CSMA/CD)
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| Typical characteristics of VLANs | Connectivity between VLANs requires a Layer 3 device
Each VLAN uses a separate address space
A switch maintains a separate bridging table for each VLAN
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| Roles of devices in a WAN | A CSU/DSU terminates a digital local loop
A modem terminates an analog local loop
A router is commonly considered a DTE device
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| Different VLANs can't communicate with each other without a layer three router or Layer 3 switch | then connect sub-interface on the router to the switch. Establish trunking links to achieve communications of devices on different VLANs
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| When using VLANs in networks with multiple switches, you need to use VLAN trunking between the switches |
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| Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) | proprietary Cisco protocol to collect information about both locally attached and remote devices. Can gather hardware and protocol information about neighbor devices. Useful for troubleshooting and documenting
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| A switch is a multiport bridge Bridges and switches learn MAC addresses by examining the source MAC address of each frame received. |
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| ARP | Address Resolution Protocol
Layer 2
Broadcast request for MAC address
Unicast response from the host in question
ARP cache is built on each host
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| How a switch handles broadcast | Forwards a copy to every port accept the one the broadcast came in on
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| Switches, Routers and ARP | Switches forward, By default - Routers don't
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| Routers and Broadcasts | Accept them
Generate
Will not forward
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| Proxy ARP Rules to Remember | 1. The source and destination MAC addresses will only change when routers are involved, that that's when Proxy ARP has to step in
2.The source and destination IP addresses do not change, period.
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| 4 things host needs to know to transmit data | 1. What is my IP
2. What is my network mask
3. What are the IP addresses of the DNS servers
4. What's my default gateway
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| DHCP offer | 1. The IP address offered to the client
2. The network mask offered to the client
3. The length of the lease
4. The IP address of the DHCP server making the offer
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| ROM | Stores the router's bootstrap startup, operating system software, and power-on diagnostic software(POST)
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| Flash Memory | IOS images held here
Flash is erasable and reprogrammable ROM
Retained on reload
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| RAM | stores operational information such as routing tables and the running configuration.Ram is lost at power down
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| NVRAM | Non-volatile Ram holds the router's startyp configuration file. contents not lost at power down.
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| Three Way HandShake - definition | Negotiation between two devices regarding rules for data transmission
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| 3 way Hand Shake - How it works | 1. sender -> transmit segment with sync (SYN) bit set
2.Recipient - > responds w\ SYN\ACK bits set (acknowledgement)
3. Sender -> responds with ACK - 3 way complete
2.
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| FIN bit | used in TCP to bring the channel down when complete
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| TCP Data detection and Recovery | 1. Send -> Sequence Number
2. Ack number < - Response (ACK is next sequence number expected)
3. Send sees the ACK and resends any lost segments
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| Positive Acknowledgement with Retransmission (PAR) UDP - no Sequence #'s or ACK | 1. Send -> transmits (starts ACK timer)
2. ACK <- responds
3. If timer expires with recieving ACK, Sender -> re-transmits data
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| Windowing | TCP only
Amount of data a sender can transmit before waiting for an ACK
Recipient determines window size
No errors - will increase window size
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| Sliding Window | Dynamic adjustment of the window size to reduce errors
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| Multiplexing | Mixing of data streams
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| Socket | IP address + Port #
(IP, Transport Protocol, Port)
10.1.12:69
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| FTP Port | 20, 21
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| SSH (Secure Shell)port | 22
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| Telnet port | 23
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| DHCP port | UDP 67, 68
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| TFTP port | UDP 69
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| SNMP port | UDP 161
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| DNS Port | UDP and TCP 53
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| Private Mail Systems Port | UDP and TCP 24
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| VOIP ports | UDP 16384 - 32767
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| NTP (Network Time Protocol) port | UDP 123
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| Application Layer | Telnet, FTP, POP3, SMTP, SNMP, End user and or data input is involved
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| Presentation Layer | Presenting Data
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| Session Layer | Manager of the connection
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| Transport Layer | TCP and UDP operate here. Positive Acknowledgement and retransmission.
Data is placed into segments
Flow control, Windowing, ACKs, anything TCP
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| Network Layer | IP addresses added
Used to create a logical path from A -> B
Routing - choosing the path
Data broken into Packets
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| Data Link Layer | MAC addresses
Frame Check Sequence Value - used for error detection - but not correction
Data broken into Frames
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| Physical Layer | Hubs and repeaters, cables,
Data broken into bits
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| Data format top to bottom | Data - Application, Presentation, Session
Segment - Transport
Packet - Network
Frame - Data link
Bit - Physical
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| TCP and UDP common fields | Checksum
Source Port
Destination Port
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Created by:
smarks@prime-network
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