Vitamins A, D, E, K
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| Fat-soluble vitamins require what for absorption? | Bile
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| Which body system do the fat-soluble vitamins travel through prior to entering the blood stream? | Lymphatic
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| What are the fat-soluble vitamins protein carriers called? | Chylomicrons
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| Where are fat-soluble vitamins mainly stored in the body? (2) | Liver & Adipose tissue
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| What is the precursor of vitamin A? | Beta-carotene
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| Name the 3 forms (retinoids) of vitamin a in the body | Retinol, Retinal, Retinoic Acid
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| Vitamin A derived from animals provide retinyl esters at are readily digested & absorbed as __________? | Retinol
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| Vitamin A derived from plants provide ___________? | Carotenoids (some of which have vitamin A activity)
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| Beta-carotene can be split to form ___________ in the intestine & liver. | Retinol
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| Which has better absorption: Retinoids or carotinoids? | Retinoids
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| How many micrograms of beta-carotene are need to form 1 microgram of Vitamin A? | 12
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| What is the special transport protein for vitamin A? | Retinol-binding protein (RBP)
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| Name 3 of retinol's main functions | Reproduction, major transport & storage form of vitamin A
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| Name 2 of retinal's main functions | Vision, its the intermediate between the reaction of retinol into retinoic acid
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| Name 3 of retinoic acid's main functions | regulates cell differentiation, growth & embryonic development
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| can vitamin protect the skin from sunlight? | Yes
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| Vitamin A maintains the integrity of __________ ____________. | Mucous membranes
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| Name 4 of retinol's roles when it comes to reproduction | Sperm development, foetal development, growth & bone growth
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| Is retinol involved in the remodeling or the dismantling of bone? | Dismantling
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| Beat-carotene acts as 2 things.... | Antioxidant & Precursor to Vitamin A
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| Is all beta-carotene converted to vitamin A? | No
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| How long would it take for a vitamin A deficiency to become apparent? | One - two years (stored in the liver)
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| Name the 2 most important results of a vitamin A deficiency | Infectious diseases & Blindness
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| Why does night blindness occur? | No retinal in the back of the eye
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| Why does total blindness occur? | No retinal in the front of the eye (cornea)
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| Which bone cells destroy bone during growth? | Osteoclasts
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| Which bone cells build bone during growth? | Osteoblasts
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| Name the common deaths associated with the infectious diseases contracted due to a vitamin A deficiency, usually in 3rd world countries(3) | Measles, pneumonia & severe diarrhoea
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| Name the first detectable sign of a vitamin A deficiency | Night blindness
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| Blindness | Xerophthalmia
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| Name the skin condition resulting from a vitamin A deficiency | Keratinization
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| Name 2 important signs of vitamin A toxicity | Bone defects (fractures + osteoporosis) & Birth defects (teraogenic)
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| Liver, Fish liver, oils, milk & milk products, butter & eggs are all good sources of which vitamin? | Vitamin A
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| Is skim milk a good source of vitamin A? | No, vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin, therefore it is lost when the milk is skimmed
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| What will improve the bioavailability of beta-carotene? | The fat accompanying the meal
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| Xanthophylls are what? | Red & yellow pigemnts
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| What is the plant version of vitamin D? | Ergocalciferol, or vitamin D2
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| What is the animal version of vitamin D? | Cholecalciferol, or vitamin D3
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| How long does it take the body to convert vitamin D from the skin in the body? | 36 hours
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| Two hydroxylation reactions (adding of OH groups) must occur before vitamin D can become fully active, which 2 organs do this? | First the liver & then the kidneys
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| Diseases of the liver & kidney can interfere with the activation of which vitamin, causing symptoms of a deficiency? | Vitamin D
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| Name the active hormone version of vitamin D | Calcitriol
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| Vitamin D has a binding protein that carries it to which 3 target organs? | Intestines, kidneys & bones
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| Name the 3 vitamins involved in bone health | Vitamins D, K & A
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| Name the 4 minerals involved in bone health | Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, & flouride
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| What is vitamins D's special role in bone growth? | Maintains blood concentrations of calcium & phosphorus
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| Vitamin D raises blood concentration of Ca+ & K+ by enhancing what 3 mechanisms? (think - intestines, kidneys & bones) | Absorption of the GIT, reabsorption by the kidneys, enhances mobilisation from the bones into the blood
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| Name 4 things that can contribute to a vitamins D deficiency? | Dark skin, breastfeeding without supplementation, lack of sunlight, & not using fortified milk
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| In a vitamin D deficiency, production of the protein that binds calcium slows, thus a vitamin D deficiency creates a __________ deficiency | Calcium deficiency
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| Name 3 conditions associate with a vitamin D deficiency | Rickets, osteoporosis, & ostemalacia
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| Excess vitamin D raises the concentration of blood calcium leading to which condition? | Kidney stones
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| Is alpha-tocopherol the only compound with vitamin E activity? | Yes
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| what is the best fat-soluble vitamin antioxidant? | Vitamin E
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| What is the main trick of vitamin E as an antioxidant? | To stop the chain reaction of free radicals producing more free radicals
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| Vitamin E protects the oxidation of what? | Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)
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| Explain 2 ways vitamin E reduces the risk of heart disease? | By protecting the LDL's against oxidation & reducing inflammation
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| Vitamin D deficiency is rare, but is usually associated with diseases of _________________ ? | Fat malabsorption diseases (such as cystic fibrosis)
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| Name the classic sign of vitamin E deficiency | Erythrocyte haemolysis - the red bloods cells break open and spill their contents (seen mostly in premature infants that are born before the transfer of vitamin E takes place in the last weeks of pregnancy)
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| Name the 2 signs of vitamin E deficiency | Erythrocyte haemolysis & Neuromuscular dysfunction (involving the spinal cord & retina of the eye)
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| Name 2 conditions that respond to vitamin E treatment | Fibrocystic Breast Disease & Intermittent Claudication
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| A person who consumes large quantities of polyunsaturated fatty acids need more of which vitamin? | Vitamin E
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| Vegetable oils & wheatgerm oil is a good source of which vitamin? | Vitamin E
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| Vitamin E is destroyed by which 2 things? | Heat & oxidation
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| Name the 2 vitamins that can be obtained from a non-food source | Vitamin D - sunlight. Vitamin K - intestinal bacteria
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| vitamin K's main role | Blood clotting
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| Vitamin K | Phylloquinone
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| Vitamin K is essential for activation of several blood clotting proteins. Which disease results when these proteins are lacking? | Haemorrhagic Disease
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| Does vitamin K participate in the synthesis of bone proteins? | Yes, with out it there would be a low bone density
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| Which vitamin reduces the effectiveness of anticoagulant drugs? | Vitamin K
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| Which vitamin augments the effectiveness of anticoagulant drugs? | Vitamin E
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| Which age group is vulnerable to Haemmorrhagic disease? | Newborns - They are born sterile & have no intestinal bacteria
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| Green vegetables, vegetable oils & GI bacteria are all good sources of which vitamin? | Vitamin K
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| Vitamin E protects which vitamin from oxidation? | Vitamin A
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