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Fat-sol vitamins
Vitamins A, D, E, K
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Fat-soluble vitamins require what for absorption? | Bile |
| Which body system do the fat-soluble vitamins travel through prior to entering the blood stream? | Lymphatic |
| What are the fat-soluble vitamins protein carriers called? | Chylomicrons |
| Where are fat-soluble vitamins mainly stored in the body? (2) | Liver & Adipose tissue |
| What is the precursor of vitamin A? | Beta-carotene |
| Name the 3 forms (retinoids) of vitamin a in the body | Retinol, Retinal, Retinoic Acid |
| Vitamin A derived from animals provide retinyl esters at are readily digested & absorbed as __________? | Retinol |
| Vitamin A derived from plants provide ___________? | Carotenoids (some of which have vitamin A activity) |
| Beta-carotene can be split to form ___________ in the intestine & liver. | Retinol |
| Which has better absorption: Retinoids or carotinoids? | Retinoids |
| How many micrograms of beta-carotene are need to form 1 microgram of Vitamin A? | 12 |
| What is the special transport protein for vitamin A? | Retinol-binding protein (RBP) |
| Name 3 of retinol's main functions | Reproduction, major transport & storage form of vitamin A |
| Name 2 of retinal's main functions | Vision, its the intermediate between the reaction of retinol into retinoic acid |
| Name 3 of retinoic acid's main functions | regulates cell differentiation, growth & embryonic development |
| can vitamin protect the skin from sunlight? | Yes |
| Vitamin A maintains the integrity of __________ ____________. | Mucous membranes |
| Name 4 of retinol's roles when it comes to reproduction | Sperm development, foetal development, growth & bone growth |
| Is retinol involved in the remodeling or the dismantling of bone? | Dismantling |
| Beat-carotene acts as 2 things.... | Antioxidant & Precursor to Vitamin A |
| Is all beta-carotene converted to vitamin A? | No |
| How long would it take for a vitamin A deficiency to become apparent? | One - two years (stored in the liver) |
| Name the 2 most important results of a vitamin A deficiency | Infectious diseases & Blindness |
| Why does night blindness occur? | No retinal in the back of the eye |
| Why does total blindness occur? | No retinal in the front of the eye (cornea) |
| Which bone cells destroy bone during growth? | Osteoclasts |
| Which bone cells build bone during growth? | Osteoblasts |
| Name the common deaths associated with the infectious diseases contracted due to a vitamin A deficiency, usually in 3rd world countries(3) | Measles, pneumonia & severe diarrhoea |
| Name the first detectable sign of a vitamin A deficiency | Night blindness |
| Blindness | Xerophthalmia |
| Name the skin condition resulting from a vitamin A deficiency | Keratinization |
| Name 2 important signs of vitamin A toxicity | Bone defects (fractures + osteoporosis) & Birth defects (teraogenic) |
| Liver, Fish liver, oils, milk & milk products, butter & eggs are all good sources of which vitamin? | Vitamin A |
| Is skim milk a good source of vitamin A? | No, vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin, therefore it is lost when the milk is skimmed |
| What will improve the bioavailability of beta-carotene? | The fat accompanying the meal |
| Xanthophylls are what? | Red & yellow pigemnts |
| What is the plant version of vitamin D? | Ergocalciferol, or vitamin D2 |
| What is the animal version of vitamin D? | Cholecalciferol, or vitamin D3 |
| How long does it take the body to convert vitamin D from the skin in the body? | 36 hours |
| Two hydroxylation reactions (adding of OH groups) must occur before vitamin D can become fully active, which 2 organs do this? | First the liver & then the kidneys |
| Diseases of the liver & kidney can interfere with the activation of which vitamin, causing symptoms of a deficiency? | Vitamin D |
| Name the active hormone version of vitamin D | Calcitriol |
| Vitamin D has a binding protein that carries it to which 3 target organs? | Intestines, kidneys & bones |
| Name the 3 vitamins involved in bone health | Vitamins D, K & A |
| Name the 4 minerals involved in bone health | Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, & flouride |
| What is vitamins D's special role in bone growth? | Maintains blood concentrations of calcium & phosphorus |
| Vitamin D raises blood concentration of Ca+ & K+ by enhancing what 3 mechanisms? (think - intestines, kidneys & bones) | Absorption of the GIT, reabsorption by the kidneys, enhances mobilisation from the bones into the blood |
| Name 4 things that can contribute to a vitamins D deficiency? | Dark skin, breastfeeding without supplementation, lack of sunlight, & not using fortified milk |
| In a vitamin D deficiency, production of the protein that binds calcium slows, thus a vitamin D deficiency creates a __________ deficiency | Calcium deficiency |
| Name 3 conditions associate with a vitamin D deficiency | Rickets, osteoporosis, & ostemalacia |
| Excess vitamin D raises the concentration of blood calcium leading to which condition? | Kidney stones |
| Is alpha-tocopherol the only compound with vitamin E activity? | Yes |
| what is the best fat-soluble vitamin antioxidant? | Vitamin E |
| What is the main trick of vitamin E as an antioxidant? | To stop the chain reaction of free radicals producing more free radicals |
| Vitamin E protects the oxidation of what? | Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) |
| Explain 2 ways vitamin E reduces the risk of heart disease? | By protecting the LDL's against oxidation & reducing inflammation |
| Vitamin D deficiency is rare, but is usually associated with diseases of _________________ ? | Fat malabsorption diseases (such as cystic fibrosis) |
| Name the classic sign of vitamin E deficiency | Erythrocyte haemolysis - the red bloods cells break open and spill their contents (seen mostly in premature infants that are born before the transfer of vitamin E takes place in the last weeks of pregnancy) |
| Name the 2 signs of vitamin E deficiency | Erythrocyte haemolysis & Neuromuscular dysfunction (involving the spinal cord & retina of the eye) |
| Name 2 conditions that respond to vitamin E treatment | Fibrocystic Breast Disease & Intermittent Claudication |
| A person who consumes large quantities of polyunsaturated fatty acids need more of which vitamin? | Vitamin E |
| Vegetable oils & wheatgerm oil is a good source of which vitamin? | Vitamin E |
| Vitamin E is destroyed by which 2 things? | Heat & oxidation |
| Name the 2 vitamins that can be obtained from a non-food source | Vitamin D - sunlight. Vitamin K - intestinal bacteria |
| vitamin K's main role | Blood clotting |
| Vitamin K | Phylloquinone |
| Vitamin K is essential for activation of several blood clotting proteins. Which disease results when these proteins are lacking? | Haemorrhagic Disease |
| Does vitamin K participate in the synthesis of bone proteins? | Yes, with out it there would be a low bone density |
| Which vitamin reduces the effectiveness of anticoagulant drugs? | Vitamin K |
| Which vitamin augments the effectiveness of anticoagulant drugs? | Vitamin E |
| Which age group is vulnerable to Haemmorrhagic disease? | Newborns - They are born sterile & have no intestinal bacteria |
| Green vegetables, vegetable oils & GI bacteria are all good sources of which vitamin? | Vitamin K |
| Vitamin E protects which vitamin from oxidation? | Vitamin A |
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