EKU summer urines
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Normal 24 hour urine volume | 500-1800 mL
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having a urine osmolality of approximately 300 mOsm/kg | diuresis
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the excretion of excessive amounts of urine >3L perday | polyuria
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tot urin volume of less than 400 mL perday | oliguria
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no urine is excreted from the body | anuria
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bilirubin to biliverdin, hemoglobin to methemoglobin and urobilinogen to urobilin are all reasons for changes in this characteristic of urine | color
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due to bacterial proliferation and solute precipitation clarity of urine can be | decreased
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at room temperature pH is increased due to what | bacterial decomposition of urea to ammonia
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at room temperature pH is increased due to what | bacterial or yeast conversion of glucose to metabolic acids
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at room temperature glucose is decreased due to what | cellular or bacterial glycolysis
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at room temperature ketones decrease due to what two reasons | bacterial metabolism of acetoacetate to acetone and volatilization of acetone
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why is bilirubin decreased at room temperature | photooxidation to biliverdin and hydrolysis of free bilirubin
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at room temperature why is urobilinogen decreased | oxidation of urobilin
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at room temperature why would nitrite in urine be increased | bacterial production following collection
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at room temperature why would nitrite be decreased | conversion to nitrogen
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at room temperature what would happen to RBC, WBC, and casts | disintegration of cellular and formed elements
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at room temperature why would bacteria be increased | due to proliferation following collection
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normal urine color | yellow
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dilute urine color | colorless or light yellow
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concentrated urine color | amber
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bilirubin in urine color | dark amber to orange
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urobilin in urine color | amber to orange
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biliverdin in urine color | dark amber
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hemoglobin in urine color | red, pink, or brown
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myoglobin in urine color | red or brown
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beets in urine color | red
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fuscin alanine dye in urine color | red
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methemoglobin in urine color | brown
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homogentistic acid in urine color | brown to black
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melanin in urine color | black
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reasons for green or blue urine | indican, chlorophyll, pseudomonas, dyes and medications
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what is the normal clarity of urine | clear
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what does clarity depend on in urine | amount of constituents in the urine
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Normal specific gravity | 1.002-1.035
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pKa change of pretreated polyelectrolyte is the principle of what urine test | specific gravity
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a duel indicator test in which substances act as either proton acceptors or proton donors is what urine test | pH
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What is normal pH for urine | 4.5-8.0
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this test involves catalase and peroxidase activity of heme in which myoglobin and rbc case oxidation of chromogen | Blood
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what is normal result of blood test | negative
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this test involves the coupling of an ester to form an aromatic compound with a diazonium salt to form a purple color | leukocyte esterase
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what is the normal result for leukocyte esterase | negative
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this test uses para-arsanilic acid and tetrahydrobenzo(h)-quinolin-3-ol and coupleswith diazonium salt | nitrite
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what is the norm value for nitrite in urine | neg
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this test involves citrate buffer at pH2; tetrabromphenol blue as an indicator and is based on the error of indicators | protein
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what is the normal value for protein in urine | negative
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this test involves glucose oxidase, peroxidase, o-toluidine, potassium iodide or aminopropylcarazol as a two step reaction with the goal of oxidizing chromogen | glucose
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what is the norm value for glucose in urine | negative
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this test is called legal's test and uses the reagent sodium nitroprusside | ketones
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what is the norm value for ketones in urine | negative
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this reaction again is a diazonium salt coupling reaction in which the reagents are dichloroanilin or dichlorobenzene-diazonium tetrafluoroborate | bilirubin
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what is the normal value for bilirubin in urine | negative
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this reaction has the reagents of dimethylamino-benzaldehyde | urobilinogen
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what is the norm value for urobilinogen in the urine | .1-1.0
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Which chemical urine tests are affected by ascorbic acid | blood, nitrite, glucose, bilirubin
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urobilinogen can have a positive reaction if this is substance is in the urine | ehrlich's reagent
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Which chemical urine tests are affected by soaps and oxidizing agents | blood and glucose
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what can cause errors in specific gravity | proteins, glucose, urea, pH and ketones
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What is the confirmatory test for protein | SSA
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What is the confirmatory test for carbohydrates other than glucose | clinitest
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what is the confirmatory test for ketones | acetest
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what is the confirmatory test for bilirubin | ictotest
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what is the confirmatory test for porphyrins | watson schwartz
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which confirmatory test uses ehrlick diazo reagen | watson schwartz
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what confirmatory test is based on the coupling of a unique solid diazonium salt with bilirubin in an acid medium | ictotest
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what confirmatory test involves a purple color formed with nitroprusside in the presence of glycine | acetest
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what confirmatory test involves copper sulfate reacting with reducing substances producing heat and cuprous oxide | clinitest
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what confirmatory test involves acidification causing precipitation of protein | SSA
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What can affect the results of an SSA test | turbid urine or polyuria false negatives
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sulfa drugs can affect what confirmatory test | clinitest
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low specific gravity can cause a false positive for what confirmatory test | clinitest
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these cells originate from the lining of the vaginal tract or lower portions of the male and female urethra | squamous epithilial
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these cells originate from the renal pelvis to the proximal two thirds of the urethra | transitional epithelial
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these cells originate in the renal tubules | renal tubule cells
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this cell is from vascular fat degeneration | oval fat body
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these cells are often seen in bacterial infections or nonbacterial disorders | WBC
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these cells are due to WBC that lyse or swell | Glitter cells
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these cells originate from renal bleeding or glomerulonephritis | RBC
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30-40 um with abundant cytoplasm with small central nucleus | squamous
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12-20 um round or pear shapped with centrally located nucleus | transition
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20-60 um oblong or round to oval and contain eccentric nucleus | renal tubular
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tains with sudan black and have a maltese cross shape | Oval fat body
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10-15 um contains distinct nucleus | WBC
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brownian movement of their internal granules produce sparkles | glitter cells
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7-10 um biconcave disks without nucleus | RBC
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an increas number of these indicates acute tubular necrosis from heavy metals or drug toxicity and all renal disease | renal tubular
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these indicate glomerular dysfunction with renal tubular cell death | oval fat bodies
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these indicate an infection or inflammation of the genitourinary tract | WBC
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when a large number or misshapen cells indicate renal transplant rejection, acute tubular necrosis, ischemic injury to the kidney or renal carcinoma | transition
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when these cells are covered with bacteria they are called clue cells | squamous
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amorphous urates, calcium oxalate, cholesterol are crystals found in what type of urine | acidic to neutral
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leucine, tyrosine, cystine, and bilirubin are crystals found in what type of urine | acidic
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amorphous phosphates, triple phosphates, calcium carbonate, ammonium biurate are crystals that are found in what type of urine | neutral to alkaline
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calcium phosphate crystals are found in what type of urine | acidic, neutral, and alkaline
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This crystal can be seen in urine of someone who has ingested ethylene glycol | calcium oxalate
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this crystal can be seen in gout patients | uric acid
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leucine and tryosine are found in the urines of people with what | rare liver disease aminoaciduria
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cystine crystals are found in urines of people with what | cystinosis or cystinuria
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cholesterol is found in urine due to what | lipiduria
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these crystals look like an envelope | calcium oxalate
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these crystals look like a lemon | uric acid
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this crystals are dark yellow spheres with concentric circles | leucine
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these crystals are colorless to yellow with fine delicate needles in clusters or sheaves | tyrosine
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these crystals are colorless hexagonal plates often layered | cystine
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these crystals often are flat rectangles with notched corners | cholesterol
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these christals are yellow brown fine needles or granules that form clusters | bilirubin
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these crystals resemble coffin lids | triple phosphate
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these christals are dark yellow to brown and resemble thorny apples | ammonium biurate
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these crystals are ovten thin prisms in rosetts or stellar forms | calcium phosphate
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these crystals are often granular spheres or dumbbells | calcium carbonate
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these are normally colorless homogeneous protein matrix with rounded ends that vary in shape and size | hyaline casts
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Casts are made out of what protein | tamm-horsfall
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this protein matrix is filled with degenerating cells, amorphous chrystals or bacteria, is normally colorless to yellow and varies in size and shape | granular cast
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this protein matrix is filled with red blood cells often many free red cells in same field of view | RBC cast
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this protein matrix is filled with renal epithelial cells | epithelial cast
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these casts are homogeneous with a waxy thick appearance often with blunt uneven brittle looking edges | waxy/broad
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this protein matrix contains oval fat bodies | fatty cast
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these casts occur after strenuous exercise, stress, inflamation of the urogenital tract | hyaline
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these cast occur during urine flow stasis, urogenital tract infections strenuous exercise or stress | granular
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these casts occure in glomerulonephritis, acute interstitial nephritis, and after strenuous exercise | RBC
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These cast occur due to renal tubular damage | epithelial
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these casts occur due to tubular obstruction, urine flow stasis, severe nephron damage, and nephritic syndrome | waxy and broad
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these casts occur during nephritic syndrome, renal tubular cell death, severe crushing injury | fatty
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these cells found in urine can be rods, cocci, chains of cocci | bacteria
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these cells found in urine can be seen after dilute acetic acid is added to the urine to lyse rbcs | yeast
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these are 8-20 um with undulating flagella | trichomonas
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this is threadlike structures with low refractive index found in urine with no significance | mucus
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this renal disorder has a rapid onset of fever, malaise, and oliguria, normally post bacterial infection, RBC and RBC casts seen | acute glomerulonephritis
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this renal disorder has a pronounced proteinuria and is due to systemic disease, all types of casts are seen as well as oval fat bodies | nephritic syndrome
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this renal disorder is an infection of the renal tubules, interstitium and renal pelvis and all cell casts can be seen along with pyuria | pyelonephritis
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this is a microbial infection of the bladder | cystitis
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normal color of CSF | colorless
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CSF with a yellow color indicates | bilirubin
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CSF with a pink color indicates | oxyhemoglobin
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CSF with an orange color indicates | oxyhemoglobin and bilirubin
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CSF with a brown color indicates | methemoglobin
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the term xanthochromic means | yellow color but in CSF can indicate any color
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CSF normal clarity | clear
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Reasons for CSF to be turbid | >200 WBC, >400 RBC, increased protein or microorganisms
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Normal WBC for CSF | 0-5 uL
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WBC for bacterial infection in CSF | >500
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WBC for viral infection in CSF | <100
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WBC for mycobacterial infection in CSF | <500
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WBC for fungal infection in CSF | <500
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Normal CSF glucose | 40-85 mg/dL
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CSF glucose in bacterial infection | <40
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CSF glucose in viral infection | normal
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CSF glucose in mycobacterium infection | <40
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CSF glucose in fungal infection | <40
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Normal CSF protein | 15-45 mg/dL
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CSF protein in bacterial infection | >250
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CSF protein in viral infection | <100
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CSF protein in mycobacterial infection | 50-500
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CSF protein in fungal infection | 25-500
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Normal CSF lactate | <35 mg/dL
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CSF lactate in bacterial infection | >35
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CSF lactate in viral infection | normal
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CSF lactate in mycobacterial infection | >35
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CSF lactate in fungal infection | >35
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Cells found in normal CSF | lymphocytes
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CSF cells in bacterial infection | neutrophils
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CSF cells found in viral infection | early-neutrophils
late-lymphocytes
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CSF cells found in mycobacterial infection | lymphocytes
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CSF cells found in fungal infection | lymphocytes
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this fluids origin is in the cavities of the body | effusion
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fluid volume between two membranes due to an alteration in the hydrostatic and oncotic pressure in the capillaries is what | effusion
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this fluid is between the parietal membrane and the visceral membrane | serous
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this is an ultrafiltrate of plasma and is produced and reabsorbed at a constant rate and allows for free movement of the organs | serous fluid
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this fluid surrounds the heart | pericardial
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this fluid is found in the abdominal cavity | peritoneal
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this fluid surrounds the lungs | pleural
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this fluid is found in the joints | synovial
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How are serous fluids collected | paracentesis
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how is pleural fluid collected | thoracentesis
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how is peritoneal fluid collected | peritoneocentesis
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how is pericardial fluid collected | pericardiocentesis
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how is synovial fluid colected | arthrocentesis
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this fluid is caused by increased hydrostatic pressure and a decreased oncotic pressure | transudate
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this fluid is caused by inflammation with an increased capillary permeability and a decreased lymphatic absorbion | exudate
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transudate color | pale yellow
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exudate color | yellow, green, pink, red
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transudate clarity | clear
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exudate clarity | cloudy
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transudate spontaneous clotting | negative
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exudate spontaneous clotting | variable but mostly yes
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transudate specific gravity | <1.012
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exudate specific gravity | >1.012
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transudate protein | <2
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exudate protein | >2.9
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transudate fluid serum ratio | <.5
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exudate fluid serum ratio | >.5
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transudate LD | <60%
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exudate LD | >60%
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transudate fluid to LD ratio | <.6
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exudate fluid to LD ratio | >.6
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transudate WBC | <1000 pleural
<300 peritoneal
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exudate WBC | >1000 pleural
>500 peritoneal
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transudate differential | mononuclear cells
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exudate differential | early-neutrophils
late-mononuclear cells
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normal color of synovial fluid | pale yellow
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normal viscosity of synovial fluid | high
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Normal WBC of synovial fluid | <200
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What causes a non-inflammatory response in synovial fluid | osteoarthritis
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what causes an inflammatory response in synovial fluid | RA and systemic disease
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what causes an infectious response in synovial fluid | microbes
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What cause a crystal response in synovial fluid | gout
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what causes a hemorrhagic response in synovial fluid | joint injury or tumor
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what two synovial conditions have a low viscosity | inflammatory and infectious
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What is the specifications for a semen sample collection | ejaculation after two days of abstinence not more than 7 days
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how long should normal semen take for liquefaction | 60 min or less
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how long would an abnormal semen take for liquefaction | more than 60 min
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what is the normal volume of semen | 2-5 mL
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What is the normal cell count for semen | 20-250 million
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what is the normal morphology for semen | 14% normal
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what is the pH of semen | 7.2-7.8
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What does lecithin measure | fetal lung maturity
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what is the normal lecithin value for a mature fetal lung | >2
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What does phosphtidyl glycerol measure | fetal lung maturity
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What does the foam stability test measure | fetal lung maturity
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What is the normal value for a foam test of a mature fetal lung | >.48
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what does amniotic bilirubin measure | HDN
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What spectrophotometer setting for bilirubin | 350 or 580
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What is the normal amniotic bilirubin | 10-30 ug/dL
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What does alpha-fetoprotein measure | neural tube defects
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