Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
EKU summer urines
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Normal 24 hour urine volume | 500-1800 mL |
| having a urine osmolality of approximately 300 mOsm/kg | diuresis |
| the excretion of excessive amounts of urine >3L perday | polyuria |
| tot urin volume of less than 400 mL perday | oliguria |
| no urine is excreted from the body | anuria |
| bilirubin to biliverdin, hemoglobin to methemoglobin and urobilinogen to urobilin are all reasons for changes in this characteristic of urine | color |
| due to bacterial proliferation and solute precipitation clarity of urine can be | decreased |
| at room temperature pH is increased due to what | bacterial decomposition of urea to ammonia |
| at room temperature pH is increased due to what | bacterial or yeast conversion of glucose to metabolic acids |
| at room temperature glucose is decreased due to what | cellular or bacterial glycolysis |
| at room temperature ketones decrease due to what two reasons | bacterial metabolism of acetoacetate to acetone and volatilization of acetone |
| why is bilirubin decreased at room temperature | photooxidation to biliverdin and hydrolysis of free bilirubin |
| at room temperature why is urobilinogen decreased | oxidation of urobilin |
| at room temperature why would nitrite in urine be increased | bacterial production following collection |
| at room temperature why would nitrite be decreased | conversion to nitrogen |
| at room temperature what would happen to RBC, WBC, and casts | disintegration of cellular and formed elements |
| at room temperature why would bacteria be increased | due to proliferation following collection |
| normal urine color | yellow |
| dilute urine color | colorless or light yellow |
| concentrated urine color | amber |
| bilirubin in urine color | dark amber to orange |
| urobilin in urine color | amber to orange |
| biliverdin in urine color | dark amber |
| hemoglobin in urine color | red, pink, or brown |
| myoglobin in urine color | red or brown |
| beets in urine color | red |
| fuscin alanine dye in urine color | red |
| methemoglobin in urine color | brown |
| homogentistic acid in urine color | brown to black |
| melanin in urine color | black |
| reasons for green or blue urine | indican, chlorophyll, pseudomonas, dyes and medications |
| what is the normal clarity of urine | clear |
| what does clarity depend on in urine | amount of constituents in the urine |
| Normal specific gravity | 1.002-1.035 |
| pKa change of pretreated polyelectrolyte is the principle of what urine test | specific gravity |
| a duel indicator test in which substances act as either proton acceptors or proton donors is what urine test | pH |
| What is normal pH for urine | 4.5-8.0 |
| this test involves catalase and peroxidase activity of heme in which myoglobin and rbc case oxidation of chromogen | Blood |
| what is normal result of blood test | negative |
| this test involves the coupling of an ester to form an aromatic compound with a diazonium salt to form a purple color | leukocyte esterase |
| what is the normal result for leukocyte esterase | negative |
| this test uses para-arsanilic acid and tetrahydrobenzo(h)-quinolin-3-ol and coupleswith diazonium salt | nitrite |
| what is the norm value for nitrite in urine | neg |
| this test involves citrate buffer at pH2; tetrabromphenol blue as an indicator and is based on the error of indicators | protein |
| what is the normal value for protein in urine | negative |
| this test involves glucose oxidase, peroxidase, o-toluidine, potassium iodide or aminopropylcarazol as a two step reaction with the goal of oxidizing chromogen | glucose |
| what is the norm value for glucose in urine | negative |
| this test is called legal's test and uses the reagent sodium nitroprusside | ketones |
| what is the norm value for ketones in urine | negative |
| this reaction again is a diazonium salt coupling reaction in which the reagents are dichloroanilin or dichlorobenzene-diazonium tetrafluoroborate | bilirubin |
| what is the normal value for bilirubin in urine | negative |
| this reaction has the reagents of dimethylamino-benzaldehyde | urobilinogen |
| what is the norm value for urobilinogen in the urine | .1-1.0 |
| Which chemical urine tests are affected by ascorbic acid | blood, nitrite, glucose, bilirubin |
| urobilinogen can have a positive reaction if this is substance is in the urine | ehrlich's reagent |
| Which chemical urine tests are affected by soaps and oxidizing agents | blood and glucose |
| what can cause errors in specific gravity | proteins, glucose, urea, pH and ketones |
| What is the confirmatory test for protein | SSA |
| What is the confirmatory test for carbohydrates other than glucose | clinitest |
| what is the confirmatory test for ketones | acetest |
| what is the confirmatory test for bilirubin | ictotest |
| what is the confirmatory test for porphyrins | watson schwartz |
| which confirmatory test uses ehrlick diazo reagen | watson schwartz |
| what confirmatory test is based on the coupling of a unique solid diazonium salt with bilirubin in an acid medium | ictotest |
| what confirmatory test involves a purple color formed with nitroprusside in the presence of glycine | acetest |
| what confirmatory test involves copper sulfate reacting with reducing substances producing heat and cuprous oxide | clinitest |
| what confirmatory test involves acidification causing precipitation of protein | SSA |
| What can affect the results of an SSA test | turbid urine or polyuria false negatives |
| sulfa drugs can affect what confirmatory test | clinitest |
| low specific gravity can cause a false positive for what confirmatory test | clinitest |
| these cells originate from the lining of the vaginal tract or lower portions of the male and female urethra | squamous epithilial |
| these cells originate from the renal pelvis to the proximal two thirds of the urethra | transitional epithelial |
| these cells originate in the renal tubules | renal tubule cells |
| this cell is from vascular fat degeneration | oval fat body |
| these cells are often seen in bacterial infections or nonbacterial disorders | WBC |
| these cells are due to WBC that lyse or swell | Glitter cells |
| these cells originate from renal bleeding or glomerulonephritis | RBC |
| 30-40 um with abundant cytoplasm with small central nucleus | squamous |
| 12-20 um round or pear shapped with centrally located nucleus | transition |
| 20-60 um oblong or round to oval and contain eccentric nucleus | renal tubular |
| tains with sudan black and have a maltese cross shape | Oval fat body |
| 10-15 um contains distinct nucleus | WBC |
| brownian movement of their internal granules produce sparkles | glitter cells |
| 7-10 um biconcave disks without nucleus | RBC |
| an increas number of these indicates acute tubular necrosis from heavy metals or drug toxicity and all renal disease | renal tubular |
| these indicate glomerular dysfunction with renal tubular cell death | oval fat bodies |
| these indicate an infection or inflammation of the genitourinary tract | WBC |
| when a large number or misshapen cells indicate renal transplant rejection, acute tubular necrosis, ischemic injury to the kidney or renal carcinoma | transition |
| when these cells are covered with bacteria they are called clue cells | squamous |
| amorphous urates, calcium oxalate, cholesterol are crystals found in what type of urine | acidic to neutral |
| leucine, tyrosine, cystine, and bilirubin are crystals found in what type of urine | acidic |
| amorphous phosphates, triple phosphates, calcium carbonate, ammonium biurate are crystals that are found in what type of urine | neutral to alkaline |
| calcium phosphate crystals are found in what type of urine | acidic, neutral, and alkaline |
| This crystal can be seen in urine of someone who has ingested ethylene glycol | calcium oxalate |
| this crystal can be seen in gout patients | uric acid |
| leucine and tryosine are found in the urines of people with what | rare liver disease aminoaciduria |
| cystine crystals are found in urines of people with what | cystinosis or cystinuria |
| cholesterol is found in urine due to what | lipiduria |
| these crystals look like an envelope | calcium oxalate |
| these crystals look like a lemon | uric acid |
| this crystals are dark yellow spheres with concentric circles | leucine |
| these crystals are colorless to yellow with fine delicate needles in clusters or sheaves | tyrosine |
| these crystals are colorless hexagonal plates often layered | cystine |
| these crystals often are flat rectangles with notched corners | cholesterol |
| these christals are yellow brown fine needles or granules that form clusters | bilirubin |
| these crystals resemble coffin lids | triple phosphate |
| these christals are dark yellow to brown and resemble thorny apples | ammonium biurate |
| these crystals are ovten thin prisms in rosetts or stellar forms | calcium phosphate |
| these crystals are often granular spheres or dumbbells | calcium carbonate |
| these are normally colorless homogeneous protein matrix with rounded ends that vary in shape and size | hyaline casts |
| Casts are made out of what protein | tamm-horsfall |
| this protein matrix is filled with degenerating cells, amorphous chrystals or bacteria, is normally colorless to yellow and varies in size and shape | granular cast |
| this protein matrix is filled with red blood cells often many free red cells in same field of view | RBC cast |
| this protein matrix is filled with renal epithelial cells | epithelial cast |
| these casts are homogeneous with a waxy thick appearance often with blunt uneven brittle looking edges | waxy/broad |
| this protein matrix contains oval fat bodies | fatty cast |
| these casts occur after strenuous exercise, stress, inflamation of the urogenital tract | hyaline |
| these cast occur during urine flow stasis, urogenital tract infections strenuous exercise or stress | granular |
| these casts occure in glomerulonephritis, acute interstitial nephritis, and after strenuous exercise | RBC |
| These cast occur due to renal tubular damage | epithelial |
| these casts occur due to tubular obstruction, urine flow stasis, severe nephron damage, and nephritic syndrome | waxy and broad |
| these casts occur during nephritic syndrome, renal tubular cell death, severe crushing injury | fatty |
| these cells found in urine can be rods, cocci, chains of cocci | bacteria |
| these cells found in urine can be seen after dilute acetic acid is added to the urine to lyse rbcs | yeast |
| these are 8-20 um with undulating flagella | trichomonas |
| this is threadlike structures with low refractive index found in urine with no significance | mucus |
| this renal disorder has a rapid onset of fever, malaise, and oliguria, normally post bacterial infection, RBC and RBC casts seen | acute glomerulonephritis |
| this renal disorder has a pronounced proteinuria and is due to systemic disease, all types of casts are seen as well as oval fat bodies | nephritic syndrome |
| this renal disorder is an infection of the renal tubules, interstitium and renal pelvis and all cell casts can be seen along with pyuria | pyelonephritis |
| this is a microbial infection of the bladder | cystitis |
| normal color of CSF | colorless |
| CSF with a yellow color indicates | bilirubin |
| CSF with a pink color indicates | oxyhemoglobin |
| CSF with an orange color indicates | oxyhemoglobin and bilirubin |
| CSF with a brown color indicates | methemoglobin |
| the term xanthochromic means | yellow color but in CSF can indicate any color |
| CSF normal clarity | clear |
| Reasons for CSF to be turbid | >200 WBC, >400 RBC, increased protein or microorganisms |
| Normal WBC for CSF | 0-5 uL |
| WBC for bacterial infection in CSF | >500 |
| WBC for viral infection in CSF | <100 |
| WBC for mycobacterial infection in CSF | <500 |
| WBC for fungal infection in CSF | <500 |
| Normal CSF glucose | 40-85 mg/dL |
| CSF glucose in bacterial infection | <40 |
| CSF glucose in viral infection | normal |
| CSF glucose in mycobacterium infection | <40 |
| CSF glucose in fungal infection | <40 |
| Normal CSF protein | 15-45 mg/dL |
| CSF protein in bacterial infection | >250 |
| CSF protein in viral infection | <100 |
| CSF protein in mycobacterial infection | 50-500 |
| CSF protein in fungal infection | 25-500 |
| Normal CSF lactate | <35 mg/dL |
| CSF lactate in bacterial infection | >35 |
| CSF lactate in viral infection | normal |
| CSF lactate in mycobacterial infection | >35 |
| CSF lactate in fungal infection | >35 |
| Cells found in normal CSF | lymphocytes |
| CSF cells in bacterial infection | neutrophils |
| CSF cells found in viral infection | early-neutrophils late-lymphocytes |
| CSF cells found in mycobacterial infection | lymphocytes |
| CSF cells found in fungal infection | lymphocytes |
| this fluids origin is in the cavities of the body | effusion |
| fluid volume between two membranes due to an alteration in the hydrostatic and oncotic pressure in the capillaries is what | effusion |
| this fluid is between the parietal membrane and the visceral membrane | serous |
| this is an ultrafiltrate of plasma and is produced and reabsorbed at a constant rate and allows for free movement of the organs | serous fluid |
| this fluid surrounds the heart | pericardial |
| this fluid is found in the abdominal cavity | peritoneal |
| this fluid surrounds the lungs | pleural |
| this fluid is found in the joints | synovial |
| How are serous fluids collected | paracentesis |
| how is pleural fluid collected | thoracentesis |
| how is peritoneal fluid collected | peritoneocentesis |
| how is pericardial fluid collected | pericardiocentesis |
| how is synovial fluid colected | arthrocentesis |
| this fluid is caused by increased hydrostatic pressure and a decreased oncotic pressure | transudate |
| this fluid is caused by inflammation with an increased capillary permeability and a decreased lymphatic absorbion | exudate |
| transudate color | pale yellow |
| exudate color | yellow, green, pink, red |
| transudate clarity | clear |
| exudate clarity | cloudy |
| transudate spontaneous clotting | negative |
| exudate spontaneous clotting | variable but mostly yes |
| transudate specific gravity | <1.012 |
| exudate specific gravity | >1.012 |
| transudate protein | <2 |
| exudate protein | >2.9 |
| transudate fluid serum ratio | <.5 |
| exudate fluid serum ratio | >.5 |
| transudate LD | <60% |
| exudate LD | >60% |
| transudate fluid to LD ratio | <.6 |
| exudate fluid to LD ratio | >.6 |
| transudate WBC | <1000 pleural <300 peritoneal |
| exudate WBC | >1000 pleural >500 peritoneal |
| transudate differential | mononuclear cells |
| exudate differential | early-neutrophils late-mononuclear cells |
| normal color of synovial fluid | pale yellow |
| normal viscosity of synovial fluid | high |
| Normal WBC of synovial fluid | <200 |
| What causes a non-inflammatory response in synovial fluid | osteoarthritis |
| what causes an inflammatory response in synovial fluid | RA and systemic disease |
| what causes an infectious response in synovial fluid | microbes |
| What cause a crystal response in synovial fluid | gout |
| what causes a hemorrhagic response in synovial fluid | joint injury or tumor |
| what two synovial conditions have a low viscosity | inflammatory and infectious |
| What is the specifications for a semen sample collection | ejaculation after two days of abstinence not more than 7 days |
| how long should normal semen take for liquefaction | 60 min or less |
| how long would an abnormal semen take for liquefaction | more than 60 min |
| what is the normal volume of semen | 2-5 mL |
| What is the normal cell count for semen | 20-250 million |
| what is the normal morphology for semen | 14% normal |
| what is the pH of semen | 7.2-7.8 |
| What does lecithin measure | fetal lung maturity |
| what is the normal lecithin value for a mature fetal lung | >2 |
| What does phosphtidyl glycerol measure | fetal lung maturity |
| What does the foam stability test measure | fetal lung maturity |
| What is the normal value for a foam test of a mature fetal lung | >.48 |
| what does amniotic bilirubin measure | HDN |
| What spectrophotometer setting for bilirubin | 350 or 580 |
| What is the normal amniotic bilirubin | 10-30 ug/dL |
| What does alpha-fetoprotein measure | neural tube defects |
Created by:
jnwells03
Popular Laboratory Science sets