explaining and the different types of electrophoresis
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| Define electrophoresis | Is the separation of molecules according to differences in their electric charge when they are placed in an electric field
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| particles that are negatively charged move toward the: | anode
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| particles that are positively charged move toward the: | cathod
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| define immunoelectrophoresis | electrophoresis of serum or urine followed by diffusion
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| what is diffusion? | protein fractions are allowed to act as antigens and interact with corresponding antibodies
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| what are the 5 components according to electrophoretic motility? | albumin, alpha1, alpha2, beta and gamma
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| what is monoclonal? | gammopathies are single clones of plasma cells that produce elevated levels of a single class of immunoglobulin
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| what is polyclonal? | gammopathies are caused by secondary conditions such as liver disease, collagen disorders, rheumatoid arthritis and chronic infection
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| what is immunoelectrophoresis used for? | for the detection of myelomas, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, malignant lymphomas and other lymphoproliferative disorders and immunodeficiencies
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| What are the two stages of immunofixation electrophoresis? | electrophoretic separation and immunoprecipitation (the paper is full of gel)
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| immunofixation electrophoresis specimens may include the following | serum, urine,cerebrospinal fluid or other body fluids
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| immunoelectrophoresis vs immunofixation electrophoresis | IEP is less sensitive than IFE IFE can separate any monoclonal band separated on SPE IEP more difficult to interpret than IFE IEP is a longer test due to incubation time (18 hr) IEP is relative less expensive and less labor-intensive than IFE
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| what is Heterogeneous immunoassays? | it involves a solid phase(microwell, bead) and require washing steps to remove unbound antigens or antibodies( can be competitive or noncompetitive)
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| what is Homogeneous immunoassays? | It consists of only a liquid phase and do not require washing steps (methods are faster and easier to automate, can have a competitive format)
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| 4 categories for indicator labels are? | radioactive isotopes, chemical light, fluorochromes, and enzymes
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| What is competitve immunoassay? | a test in which labeled and non-labeled antigen competes for the same spot on an antibody.
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| How competitve immunoassay works? | the amount of label is inversely propportional to the amount of analyte ( antigen or antibody) measured
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| what is sandwich immunoassay? | is a non-competitive assay in which the amount of label is directly proportional to the analyte (AG or AB)
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| What is enzyme immunoassay? (EIA) | uses a nonisotope label, are designed to detect ag or ab by producing an enzyme color change
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| What are the 4 common enzyme labels (EIA) | horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, glucose-6-phosphatase dehydorgenase and beta-galactosidase
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| what test is the number one for lupus? | ANA
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| what is chemiluminescence? | refers to light emission produced during a chemical reaction and is used extensively in automated immunoassays
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| indirect immunofluorescent assay is: | it is used extensively in the detection of autoantibodies and antibodies to tissues and cellular antigens such as ANA
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| direct immunofluorescent assay is: | Fluorescein-conjugated antibodies bound to the fluorochrome FITC are used to visualize many bacteria in direct specimens
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