antibiotics and their modes of action
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each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| What are bactericidal antibiotics? | Drugs that kill bacteria
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| What are bacteriostatic antibiotics? | Drugs that inhibit the growth of bacteria, but do not immediately kill them
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| When are bactericidal antibiotics preferable to bacteriostatic antiobiotics | Imunocompromised patients, infections that are immediately life-threatening and infections that are protected from the host's immuntiy (abscess)
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| What is MIC? | Minimum inhibitory concentration: the lowest conentration of a drug that inhibits bacterial growth invitro (visual)
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| What is MBC? | Minimum bactericidal concentration: the lowest concentration of drug that kills bacteria invitro (plated)
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| What is synergism? | An effect when the action of combining two or more drugs is significantly greater than the sum of the drug separately
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| What is antagonism? | An effect when the action of combining two or more drugs is significantly lower the sum of the drug separately
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| What are broad-spectrum antiobiotics? | Drugs that affect several different classes of bacterial (gram positive and gram negatives for example)
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| What are narrow spectrum antiobiotics? | Drugs that are effective against a few types of bacteria (gp or gn)
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| What four parts of the bacterial cell are common targets for antibacterial drugs? | Cell walls, cell membranes, ribosomes, nucleic acid and biosynthetic enzymes
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| what structure do all penicillin-family antibiotics contain? | Beta lactam ring
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| What are three organisms that produce b-lactamase? | Staph aureus, Haemophilus influenza and bacteroides fragilis
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| How does the spectrum of the cephalosporins change from first through third generation? | Increasing spactrum for gram negative bacteria and decreasing spactrum for gram positive bacteria
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| What is the spectrum of activity for each of the following: 1st generation cephalosporins? | Gram positive only
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| 2nd generation cephalosporins? | Increasing activity against gram negative bacteria and variable activity against gram positive bacteria
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| 3rd generation cephalosporins? | Even more gram negative activity and even less gram positive activity
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| 4th generation cephalosporins? | Extended activity against gram positive and gram negative bacteria
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| What is the main advantage of cephalosporins over the other penicillins? | More resistant to beta lactamases
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| Which antibiotics target cell wall synthesis? | Penicillins, vancomycin, bacitracin
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| What is the spactrum of activity for vacomycin? | All gram positives including MRSA and enterococcus except VRE
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| What drugs target the 50s ribosomal subunit? | Chloamphenical
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| What is the spectrum of activity for chloramphenicol? | gram + and gram - anarobes
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| What is the toxicity of chloramphenicol? | Bone marrow toxicity and grey baby syndrome
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| Which drugs target the 30s ribosomal submit? | Aminoglycosides, tetracyclines
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| Are aminoglycosides bactericidal or bacteriostatic? | Bactericidal
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| What is the spectrum of activity for aminoglycosides? | Aerobic gram negative rods
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| Are tetracyclines bactericidal or bacteriostatic? | Bacteriostatic
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| What are the side effects of tetracyclines? | Bone deposition and discoloration, renal or hepatic toxicity, GI irritation, superinfections and teratogenic (deformaties) effects in fetus
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| What drugs target messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) synthesis? How? | Rifampin, it inhibits RNA polymerase
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| What are the side effects of rifampin | Hepatotoxicity and secretions are orange
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| What drugs target tetrahydrofolate syntheses (and therefore nucleotide synthesis)? | Sulfonamides and trimethoprim
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| What is a common combination of these drugs? | Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
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| Why are these drugs usually given together? | They have a synergistic effect
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